Android 17 平台包含一些可能会影响您的应用的行为变更。以下行为变更将影响在 Android 17 上运行的所有应用,无论采用哪种 targetSdkVersion 都不例外。您应该测试您的应用,然后根据需要酌情修改,以便支持这些变更。
此外,请务必查看仅影响以 Android 17 为目标平台的应用的行为变更列表。
核心功能
Android 17(API 级别 37)包含以下变更,这些变更会修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。
应用内存限制
Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your applications and Android users. In Android 17, limits are set conservatively to establish system baselines, targeting extreme memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.
You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling
getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was
affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and
the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with
other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with
TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the
memory limit is hit.
The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.
Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints
You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the
memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am
provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have
no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)
am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|allam memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|noneam memory-limiter status
ignoreInstructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID instructs the memory limiter to ignore all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass
all(ignore all processes) ornone(do not ignore any processes). Passingnoneoverrides any previous calls toam memory-limiter ignore.If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a process, you can still apply a manual memory limit to the process by calling
am memory-limiter manual.manualInstructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID. The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing
30specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passingmaxremoves all memory limits on that process. Passingnoneremoves any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).statusReports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.
隐私权
Android 17 包含以下变更,旨在提升用户隐私保护。
动态短信密码保护
从 Android 17 开始,Android 将扩大对包含一次性密码 (OTP) 的短信的保护范围。
在之前的 Android 版本中,此保护主要侧重于 SMS Retriever 格式。对于大多数应用,包含 SMS Retriever 哈希的消息的递送延迟了 3 小时。不过,某些特定应用(例如默认短信处理程序)不受此延迟的影响,拥有哈希的应用也不受此延迟的影响。
从 Android 17 开始,此保护也适用于 WebOTP 格式的消息。如果应用有权读取短信,但不是 WebOTP 消息的预期接收者(由网域验证确定),则该应用在收到消息后 3 小时内无法访问该消息。此变更旨在提高用户安全性,确保只有与消息中提及的网域关联的应用才能以程序化方式读取验证码。
在这 3 小时的延迟期间,系统会保留 SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION 广播,并过滤 短信提供商 数据库查询。延迟结束后,这些应用即可使用短信。此变更适用于
所有应用,无论其目标 API 级别如何。
某些应用(例如默认短信辅助应用、已连接设备配套应用等)不受此延迟的影响。所有依赖于读取短信 来提取 动态密码 的应用都应过渡到使用 SMS Retriever 或 SMS User Consent API,以确保功能持续可用。
安全
Android 17 包含以下设备和应用安全方面的改进。
usesClearTraffic 弃用计划
In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element.
Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to
using a network security configuration file, which lets you
specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.
Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:
- Set the
usesCleartextTrafficattribute totrue - Use a network configuration file
If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network
configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.
限制隐式 URI 授权
Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action
ACTION_SEND,
SEND_MULTIPLE,
or
ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE,
the system automatically grants the read and
write URI permissions to the target app. We plan to change this behavior in
Android 18. For this reason, we recommend that apps explicitly
grant the relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant
them.
每个应用的密钥库限制
应用应避免在 Android 密钥库中创建过多的密钥,因为它是设备上所有应用的共享资源。从 Android 17 开始,系统会强制限制应用可拥有的密钥数量。对于以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的非系统应用,密钥数量上限为 50,000 个;对于所有其他应用,密钥数量上限为 200,000 个。无论系统应用以哪个 API 级别为目标,其密钥数量上限均为 20 万。
如果应用尝试创建超出限制的密钥,则创建会失败并显示 KeyStoreException。异常的消息字符串包含有关密钥限制的信息。如果应用针对异常调用 getNumericErrorCode(),则返回值取决于应用的目标 API 级别:
- 如果应用以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台,
getNumericErrorCode()会返回新的ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS值。 - 所有其他应用:
getNumericErrorCode()返回ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE。
阻止跨资料环回流量
从 Android 17 开始,默认情况下不再允许跨个人资料环回流量。同一个人资料内的环回流量不受影响。 此项变更适用于在 Android 17 或更高版本上运行的所有应用,无论应用以哪个 API 级别为目标平台。
用户体验和系统界面
Android 17 包含以下变更,旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。
在旋转后恢复默认 IME 可见性
Beginning with Android 17, when the device's configuration changes (for example, through rotation), and this is not handled by the app itself, the previous IME visibility is not restored.
If your app undergoes a configuration change that it does not handle, and the app needs the keyboard to be visible after the change, you must explicitly request this. You can make this request in one of the following ways:
- Set the
android:windowSoftInputModeattribute tostateAlwaysVisible. - Programmatically request the soft keyboard in your activity's
onCreate()method, or add theonConfigurationChanged()method.
人工输入
Android 17 包含以下变更,这些变更会影响应用与键盘和触控板等人工输入设备的互动方式。
在指针捕获期间,触控板默认传递相对事件
Beginning with Android 17, if an app requests pointer capture using
View.requestPointerCapture() and the user uses a touchpad, the system
recognizes pointer movement and scrolling gestures from the user's touches and
reports them to the app in the same way as pointer and scroll wheel movements
from a captured mouse. In most cases, this removes the need for apps that
support captured mice to add special handling logic for touchpads. For more
details, see the documentation for View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE.
Previously, the system did not attempt to recognize gestures from the touchpad,
and instead delivered the raw, absolute finger locations to the app in a similar
format to touchscreen touches. If an app still requires this absolute data, it
should call the new View.requestPointerCapture(int) method with
View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE instead.
媒体
Android 17 针对媒体行为做了以下更改。
后台音频安全加固
从 Android 17 开始,音频框架会对后台音频互动(包括音频播放、音频焦点请求和音量更改 API)强制执行限制,以确保这些更改是由用户有意发起的。
如果应用尝试在应用未处于有效生命周期时调用音频 API,则音频播放和音量更改 API 会以静默方式失败,而不会抛出异常或提供失败消息。音频焦点 API 会失败,并返回结果代码 AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED。
如需了解详情(包括缓解措施),请参阅后台音频安全加固。
连接
Android 17 包含以下变更,以增强设备连接性。
针对蓝牙绑定丢失的自主重新配对
Android 17 引入了自主重新配对功能,这是一项系统级增强功能,旨在自动解决蓝牙配对信息丢失问题。
以前,如果配对信息丢失,用户必须手动前往“设置”取消配对,然后重新配对外围设备。此功能以 Android 16 的安全改进为基础,允许系统在后台重新建立配对信息,而无需用户手动前往“设置”取消配对并重新配对外围设备。
虽然大多数应用不需要更改代码,但开发者应注意蓝牙堆栈中的以下行为变更:
- 新的配对上下文:
ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST现在包含EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXTextra,允许应用区分 标准配对请求和自主系统发起的重新配对尝试。 - 有条件的密钥更新:只有在重新配对成功且新连接达到或超过之前配对信息的安全级别时,才会替换现有安全密钥。
- 修改后的 intent 时间:现在,只有在自主重新配对尝试失败时,才会广播
ACTION_KEY_MISSINGintent。如果系统在后台成功恢复配对信息,则可以减少应用中不必要的错误处理。 - 用户通知:系统通过新的界面通知和对话框管理重新配对。系统会提示用户确认重新配对尝试,以确保用户了解重新连接。
外围设备制造商和配套应用开发者应验证硬件和应用是否能妥善处理配对信息转换。如需测试此行为,请使用以下任一方法模拟远程配对信息丢失:
- 从外围设备中手动移除配对信息
- 在“设置”>“已连接的设备”中手动取消配对设备