Android 17 平台包含一些可能会影响您的应用的行为变更。以下行为变更会影响在 Android 17 上运行的所有应用,无论采用哪种 targetSdkVersion 都不例外。您应该测试您的应用,然后根据需要进行修改,以适当地支持这些变更。
此外,请务必查看仅影响以 Android 17 为目标平台的应用的行为变更列表。
核心功能
Android 17(API 级别 37)包含以下变更,这些变更会修改或扩展 Android 系统的各种核心功能。
应用内存限制
Android 17 introduces app memory limits based on the device's total RAM to create a more stable and deterministic environment for your apps and Android users. These limits focus on memory leaks and other outliers before they trigger system-wide instability resulting in UI stuttering, higher battery drain, and apps being killed. While we anticipate minimal impact on the vast majority of app sessions, we recommend the following memory best practices, including establishing a baseline for memory.
You can determine if your app session was impacted by calling
getDescription in ApplicationExitInfo; if your app was
affected, the exit reason will be REASON_OTHER and
the description will contain the string "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" along with
other information. You can also use trigger-based profiling with
TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY to get heap dumps that are collected when the
memory limit is hit.
The Manage your app's memory documentation gives information to help you diagnose your app's memory issues and optimize its resource consumption.
Test your app's behavior under the memory constraints
You can use Android Debug Bridge (adb) to adjust or disable the
memory limits on any device that imposes them. The shell command am
provides three subcommands to adjust the memory limits. (These commands have
no effect on a device which does not impose memory limits.)
am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|allam memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|noneam memory-limiter status
ignoreInstructs the memory limiter to ignore some or all processes. Passing a UID (Android User ID) instructs the memory limiter to ignore enforcement on all processes associated with that UID. You can also pass
all(ignore all apps) ornone(do not ignore any apps). Passingnoneoverrides any previous calls toam memory-limiter ignore.If you instruct the memory limiter to ignore a UID, you can still apply a manual memory limit to a process within the app by calling
am memory-limiter manual.manualInstructs the system to impose a memory constraint on the process with the specified PID (Process ID). The memory constraint is specified as an integer number of MB; for example, passing
30specifies that the process is limited to 30 MB of memory. Passingmaxremoves all memory limits on that process. Passingnoneremoves any manual limits set on the process, restoring the system's default limit (if any).statusReports the current status of the memory limiter. The status includes the memory limits imposed on visible and non-visible processes.
隐私权
Android 17 包含以下旨在提升用户隐私保护水平的变更。
短信动态密码保护
从 Android 17 开始,Android 将扩大对包含动态密码 (OTP) 的短信的保护范围。
在之前的 Android 版本中,此保护机制主要针对 SMS Retriever 格式。对于大多数应用,包含短信检索器哈希的消息延迟了 3 小时才送达。不过,某些应用(例如默认短信处理程序)不受延迟影响,拥有哈希的应用也不受延迟影响。
从 Android 17 开始,此保护措施也适用于 WebOTP 格式的消息。如果应用有权读取短信,但不是 WebOTP 消息的预期接收者(由网域验证确定),则应用在收到消息 3 小时后才能访问该消息。此项变更旨在提高用户安全性,确保只有与消息中提及的网域相关联的应用才能以编程方式读取验证码。
在这 3 小时的延迟期间,SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION 广播会被扣留,短信提供程序数据库查询会被过滤。延迟后,这些应用便可收到短信。此项变更适用于所有应用,无论其目标 API 级别如何。
某些应用(例如默认短信助理应用、已连接设备的配套应用等)不受此延迟的影响。所有依赖读取短信来提取动态密码的应用都应改用 SMS Retriever 或 SMS User Consent API,以确保功能正常运行。
安全
Android 17 对设备和应用安全性进行了以下改进。
usesClearTraffic 弃用计划
In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element.
Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to
using a network security configuration file, which lets you
specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.
Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:
- Set the
usesCleartextTrafficattribute totrue - Use a network configuration file
If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network
configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.
限制隐式 URI 授权
Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action
ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE, or
ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and
write URI permissions to the target app. Starting in Android 18, the system will
no longer automatically grant these permissions. For this reason, we recommend
that apps explicitly grant the
relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.
To detect the usage of these intents in your app, use StrictMode with
detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() to trigger a violation:
Kotlin
val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder() .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() .penaltyLog() .build() StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)
Java
StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder() .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() .penaltyLog() .build(); StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);
Alternatively, you can monitor for logged exceptions containing the message
Please set the grant explicitly in the app that appears when system implicitly
sets the grant. You can monitor for these logs
using the following adb command:
adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"
To explicitly grant the necessary permissions, add the
FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION flag to ACTION_SEND and
ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE intents:
Kotlin
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)
Java
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);
Include both FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION and
FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION flags for
ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intents:
Kotlin
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)
Java
intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);
每个应用的密钥库限制
应用应避免在 Android 密钥库中创建过多密钥,因为密钥库是设备上所有应用的共享资源。从 Android 17 开始,系统会强制限制应用可以拥有的密钥数量。对于以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的非系统应用,此限制为 50,000 个键;对于所有其他应用,此限制为 200,000 个键。系统应用的密钥数量上限为 20 万,无论其目标 API 级别为何。
如果应用尝试创建超出限制的密钥,则创建会失败,并显示 KeyStoreException。异常的消息字符串包含有关键限制的信息。如果应用对异常调用 getNumericErrorCode(),则返回值取决于应用的目标 API 级别:
- 以 Android 17(API 级别 37)或更高版本为目标平台的应用:
getNumericErrorCode()会返回新的ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS值。 - 所有其他应用:
getNumericErrorCode()会返回ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE。
屏蔽跨资料环回流量
Beginning with Android 17, cross-profile loopback traffic is no longer permitted by default. Loopback traffic within the same profile is not affected. This change applies to all apps running on Android 17 or higher, regardless of what API level the app targets.
用户体验和系统界面
Android 17 包含以下变更,旨在打造更一致、更直观的用户体验。
旋转后恢复默认 IME 可见性
从 Android 17 开始,当设备的配置发生变化(例如,通过旋转)且应用本身未处理此变化时,系统不会恢复之前的 IME 可见性。
如果您的应用发生其无法处理的配置更改,并且应用需要在更改后显示键盘,您必须明确请求显示键盘。您可以通过以下任一方式提出此请求:
- 将
android:windowSoftInputMode属性设置为stateAlwaysVisible。 - 在 activity 的
onCreate()方法中以编程方式请求软键盘,或添加onConfigurationChanged()方法。
人工输入
Android 17 包含以下变更,这些变更会影响应用与键盘和触摸板等人机输入设备的交互方式。
在指针捕获期间,触摸板默认提供相对事件
从 Android 17 开始,如果应用使用 View.requestPointerCapture() 请求指针捕获,并且用户使用触控板,系统会根据用户的轻触操作识别指针移动和滚动动作,并以与捕获的鼠标指针和滚轮移动相同的方式向应用报告这些动作。在大多数情况下,这使得支持捕获鼠标的应用无需为触摸板添加特殊处理逻辑。如需了解详情,请参阅 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE 的文档。
以前,系统不会尝试识别来自触控板的手势,而是以类似于触摸屏触摸的格式向应用提供原始的绝对手指位置。如果应用仍需要此绝对数据,则应改为使用 View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE 调用新的 View.requestPointerCapture(int) 方法。
媒体
Android 17 包含以下媒体行为变更。
后台音频强化
Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.
If the app tries to call audio APIs while the app is not in a valid lifecycle,
the audio playback and volume change APIs fail silently without throwing an
exception or providing a failure message. The audio focus API fails with the
result code AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.
For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.
连接
Android 17 包含以下旨在增强设备连接性的变更。
针对蓝牙绑定丢失自主发起重新配对
Android 17 引入了自主重新配对功能,这是一项系统级增强功能,旨在自动解决蓝牙绑定丢失问题。
以前,如果连接丢失,用户必须手动前往“设置”取消配对外围设备,然后重新配对。此功能以 Android 16 的安全改进为基础,使系统能够在获得用户同意后重新建立绑定。这样一来,用户就无需手动前往“设置”来取消配对和重新配对外围设备。
虽然大多数应用不需要更改代码,但开发者应注意蓝牙堆栈中的以下行为变更:
- 新的配对上下文:
ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST现在包含EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXTextra,使应用能够区分标准配对请求和系统发起的自主重新配对尝试。 - 有条件的密钥更新:只有在重新配对成功且新连接的安全级别达到或超过之前绑定的安全级别时,系统才会替换现有安全密钥。
- 修改了 intent 时间:现在,仅当自主重新配对尝试失败时,系统才会广播
ACTION_KEY_MISSINGintent。如果系统在后台成功恢复绑定,这会减少应用中不必要的错误处理。 - 用户通知:系统通过新的界面通知和对话框管理重新配对。系统会提示用户确认重新配对尝试,以确保他们知道重新连接。
外围设备制造商和配套应用开发者应验证硬件和应用是否能妥善处理绑定转换。如需测试此行为,请使用以下任一方法模拟远程绑定丢失:
- 手动从外围设备中移除绑定信息
- 在“设置”>“已连接的设备”中手动取消配对设备