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使用者啟動的資料移轉

如果您需要執行可能需要長時間的資料移轉作業，可以建立 JobScheduler 工作，並將其識別為使用者啟動的資料移轉 (UIDT) 工作。UIDT 工作適用於由裝置使用者啟動的長時間資料移轉作業，例如從遠端伺服器下載檔案。UIDT 工作是在 Android 14 (API 級別 34) 推出。

顧名思義，使用者啟動的資料移轉工作是由使用者所發起的。這類工作必須顯示通知、立即啟動，而且可於系統條件允許時延長執行時間。您可以同時執行多項使用者啟動的資料移轉工作。

當使用者具備應用程式的瀏覽權限時 (或符合任一許可條件)，則必須為使用者啟動的工作進行排程。滿足所有限制後，OS 就能執行使用者啟動的工作，具體情況取決於系統 Health 限制。此外，系統也能根據所提供的預估酬載大小，判斷執行工作的時間長度。

排定使用者啟動的資料移轉作業

To run a user initiated data-transfer job, do the following:

Make sure your app has declared the JobService and associated permissions in its manifest:

<service android:name="com.example.app.CustomTransferService"
        android:permission="android.permission.BIND_JOB_SERVICE"
        android:exported="false">
        ...
</service>

Also, define a concrete subclass of JobService for your data transfer:

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService : JobService() {
  ...
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService() {

    ....

}

Declare the RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS permission in the manifest:

<manifest ...>
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.RUN_USER_INITIATED_JOBS" />
    <application ...>
        ...
    </application>
</manifest>

Call the setUserInitiated() method when building a JobInfo object. (This method is available beginning with Android 14.) We also recommend that you offer a payload size estimate by calling setEstimatedNetworkBytes() while creating your job.

Kotlin

val networkRequestBuilder = NetworkRequest.Builder()
        // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
        // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
        // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
        // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
        .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
        .build()

val jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
              ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService::class.java))
        // ...
        .setUserInitiated(true)
        .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequestBuilder)
        // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
        .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
        // ...
        .build()

Java

NetworkRequest networkRequest = new NetworkRequest.Builder()
    // Add or remove capabilities based on your requirements.
    // For example, this code specifies that the job won't run
    // unless there's a connection to the internet (not just a local
    // network), and the connection doesn't charge per-byte.
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_INTERNET)
    .addCapability(NET_CAPABILITY_NOT_METERED)
    .build();

JobInfo jobInfo = JobInfo.Builder(jobId,
        new ComponentName(mContext, CustomTransferService.class))
    // ...
    .setUserInitiated(true)
    .setRequiredNetwork(networkRequest)
    // Provide your estimate of the network traffic here
    .setEstimatedNetworkBytes(1024 * 1024 * 1024, 1024 * 1024 * 1024)
    // ...
    .build();

While the job is being executed, call setNotification() on the JobService object. Calling setNotification() makes the user aware that the job is running, both in the Task Manager and in the status bar notification area.

When execution is complete, call jobFinished() to signal to the system that the job is complete, or that the job should be rescheduled.

Kotlin

class CustomTransferService: JobService() {
    private val scope = CoroutineScope(Dispatchers.IO)

    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    override fun onStartJob(params: JobParameters): Boolean {
        val notification = Notification.Builder(applicationContext,
                              NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
            .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
            .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
            .setContentText("Job is running")
            .build()

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        scope.launch {
            doDownload(params)
        }
        return true
    }

    private suspend fun doDownload(params: JobParameters) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false)
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    override fun onStopJob(params: JobParameters?): Boolean {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Java

class CustomTransferService extends JobService{
    @RequiresApi(Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE)
    @Override
    public boolean onStartJob(JobParameters params) {
        Notification notification = Notification.Builder(getBaseContext(),
                                        NOTIFICATION_CHANNEL_ID)
                .setContentTitle("My user-initiated data transfer job")
                .setSmallIcon(android.R.mipmap.myicon)
                .setContentText("Job is running")
                .build();

        setNotification(params, notification.id, notification,
                          JobService.JOB_END_NOTIFICATION_POLICY_DETACH)
        // Execute the work associated with this job asynchronously.
        new Thread(() -> doDownload(params)).start();
        return true;
    }

    private void doDownload(JobParameters params) {
        // Run the relevant async download task, then call
        // jobFinished once the task is completed.
        jobFinished(params, false);
    }

    // Called when the system stops the job.
    @Override
    public boolean onStopJob(JobParameters params) {
        // Asynchronously record job-related data, such as the
        // stop reason.
        return true; // or return false if job should end entirely
    }
}

Periodically update the notification to keep the user informed of the job's status and progress. If you cannot determine the transfer size ahead of scheduling the job, or need to update the estimated transfer size, use the new API, updateEstimatedNetworkBytes() to update the transfer size after it becomes known.

Recommendations

To run UIDT jobs effectively, do the following:

Clearly define network constraints and job execution constraints to specify when the job should be executed.
Execute the task asynchronously in onStartJob(); for example, you can do this by using a coroutine. If you don't run the task asynchronously, the work runs on the main thread and might block it, which can cause an ANR.
To avoid running the job longer than necessary, call jobFinished() when the transfer finishes, whether it succeeds or fails. That way, the job doesn't run longer than necessary. To discover why a job was stopped, implement the onStopJob() callback method and call JobParameters.getStopReason().

回溯相容性

目前没有支持 UIDT 作业的 Jetpack 库。因此，我们建议您使用代码来控制更改，以验证您是否在 Android 14 或更高版本上运行。在较低的 Android 版本中，您可以使用 WorkManager 的前台服务实现作为后备方法。

以下是检查适当系统版本的代码示例：

Kotlin

fun beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context)
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context)
    }
}

private fun scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context: Context) {
    // build jobInfo
    val jobScheduler: JobScheduler =
        context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE) as JobScheduler
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo)
}

private fun scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context: Context) {
    val myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker::class.java)
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

Java

public void beginTask() {
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.UPSIDE_DOWN_CAKE) {
        scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(context);
    } else {
        scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(context);
    }
}

private void scheduleDownloadUIDTJob(Context context) {
    // build jobInfo
    JobScheduler jobScheduler =
            (JobScheduler) context.getSystemService(Context.JOB_SCHEDULER_SERVICE);
    jobScheduler.schedule(jobInfo);
}

private void scheduleDownloadFGSWorker(Context context) {
    OneTimeWorkRequest myWorkRequest = OneTimeWorkRequest.from(DownloadWorker.class);
    WorkManager.getInstance(context).enqueue(myWorkRequest)
}

停止 UIDT 工作

使用者和系統均可停止由使用者啟動的移轉作業。

由工作管理員的使用者執行

使用者可以停止在工作管理員中顯示的使用者啟動資料移轉作業。

當使用者按下「停止」時，系統會執行以下操作：

立即終止應用程式的處理程序，包括所有其他執行中的工作或前景服務。
不會針對任何執行中的工作呼叫 onStopJob()。
防止使用者開放瀏覽權限的工作重新排程。

基於上述理由，建議您針對工作發布的通知中提供控制項，以便有條理地停止工作並重新排程。

請注意，在特殊情況下，工作管理員中所列的工作旁不會顯示「停止」按鈕，抑或工作完全沒有顯示在工作管理員中。

由系統執行

与常规作业不同，用户发起的数据传输作业不受应用待机模式存储分区配额的影响。但是，如果出现以下任一情况，系统仍会停止作业：

不再满足开发者定义的约束条件。
系统确定该作业的运行时间超出了完成数据传输任务所需的时间。
系统需要优先考虑系统运行状况，并因发热程度上升而停止作业。
应用进程因设备内存不足而被终止。

如果系统因设备内存不足以外的原因停止作业，系统会调用 onStopJob()，并在系统认为最佳的时间重试作业。确保您的应用可以保留数据传输状态（即使未调用 onStopJob()），并且您的应用可以在再次调用 onStartJob() 时恢复此状态。

可對使用者啟動的資料移轉作業進行排程的情況

只有当应用处于可见窗口中或满足特定条件时，应用才能启动用户发起的数据传输作业：

如果应用可以从后台启动 activity，则也可以从后台启动用户发起的数据传输作业。
如果应用在最近用过屏幕上现有任务的返回堆栈中有 activity，单靠这一点并不允许运行用户发起的数据传输作业。

如果作业安排在未满足必要条件的时间运行，则作业将失败并返回 RESULT_FAILURE 错误代码。