Mudanças de comportamento: todos os apps

A plataforma Android 16 inclui mudanças de comportamento que podem afetar seu app. As mudanças a seguir se aplicam a todos os apps quando executados no Android 16, independente da targetSdkVersion. Teste seu app e modifique-o conforme necessário para que ele ofereça suporte a essas mudanças.

Consulte também a lista de mudanças de comportamento que afetam apenas os apps destinados ao Android 16.

Principal recurso

O Android 16 (nível da API 36) inclui as seguintes mudanças que modificam ou ampliam vários recursos principais do sistema Android.

Otimizações de cota do JobScheduler

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

• Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
• If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
• If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

Motivo da interrupção de jobs vazios abandonados.

如果与作业关联的 JobParameters 对象已被垃圾回收，但尚未调用 JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) 来指示作业已完成，则会发生作业被废弃的情况。这表示作业可能会在应用不知情的情况下运行和重新调度。

依赖于 JobScheduler 的应用不会维护对 JobParameters 对象的强引用，并且超时现在将获得新的作业停止原因 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED，而不是 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT。

如果新的作业被废弃停止原因频繁出现，系统会采取缓解措施来降低作业频率。

应用应使用新的停止原因来检测和减少被废弃的作业。

如果您使用的是 WorkManager、AsyncTask 或 DownloadManager，则不会受到影响，因为这些 API 会代表您的应用管理作业生命周期。

Suspensão total de JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

O escopo de prioridade de transmissão ordenada não é mais global

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

1. Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
2. Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

Mudanças internas do ART

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

Modo de compatibilidade de tamanho de página de 16 KB

Android 15 引入了对 16 KB 内存页面的支持，以优化平台性能。Android 16 添加了兼容模式，让一些针对 4 KB 内存页面构建的应用可以在配置为 16 KB 内存页面的设备上运行。

当您的应用在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上运行时，如果 Android 检测到您的应用具有 4 KB 对齐的内存页面，则会自动使用兼容模式并向用户显示通知对话框。在 AndroidManifest.xml 中设置 android:pageSizeCompat 属性以启用向后兼容模式，将会阻止应用启动时显示对话框。如需使用 android:pageSizeCompat 属性，请使用 Android 16 SDK 编译您的应用。

为了实现最佳性能、可靠性和稳定性，应用仍应以 16 KB 对齐。如需了解详情，请参阅我们近期发布的博文，了解如何更新应用以支持 16 KB 的内存页面。

兼容模式对话框：当系统检测到 4 KB 对齐的应用在 16 KB 对齐的情况下可以更高效地运行时，系统会显示此对话框。

Experiência do usuário e interface do sistema

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças que visam criar uma experiência do usuário mais consistente e intuitiva.

Descontinuação de avisos de acessibilidade que causam interrupção

Android 16 废弃了无障碍功能通告，其特征是使用 announceForAccessibility 或调度 TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT 无障碍功能事件。这可能会给 TalkBack 和 Android 屏幕阅读器用户带来不一致的用户体验，而替代方案可以更好地满足各种 Android 辅助技术的用户需求。

替代方案示例：

• 对于窗口更改等重大界面更改，请使用 Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) 和 setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence)。在 Compose 中，使用 Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• 如需向用户告知关键界面的更改，请使用 setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int)。在 Compose 中，请使用 Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]}。应谨慎使用这些事件，因为它们可能会在每次更新视图时生成通知。
• 如需向用户发送错误通知，请发送类型为 AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR 的 AccessibilityEvent 并设置 AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence)，或使用 TextView#setError(CharSequence)。

已废弃的 announceForAccessibility API 的参考文档中包含有关建议替代方案的更多详细信息。

Compatibilidade com a navegação com três botões

Android 16 为已正确迁移到预测性返回的应用的三按钮导航栏引入了预测性返回支持。长按返回按钮会启动预测性返回动画，让您预览返回滑动手势会打开的界面。

此行为适用于系统中支持预测性返回动画的所有区域，包括系统动画（返回主屏幕、跨任务和跨 activity）。

“三按钮”导航模式下的预测性返回动画。

Formatos de dispositivos

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças para apps quando projetados em telas por proprietários de dispositivos virtuais.

Substituições do proprietário do dispositivo virtual

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

Segurança

O Android 16 (nível da API 36) inclui mudanças que promovem a segurança do sistema para ajudar a proteger apps e usuários contra apps maliciosos.

Segurança aprimorada contra ataques de redirecionamento de intent

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

Important: Opting out of security protections should be done with caution and only when absolutely necessary, as it can increase the risk of security vulnerabilities. Carefully assess the potential impact on your app's security before using this API.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

Caution: Using reflection can make your code more fragile and prone to errors, especially if the underlying API changes in future Android versions. Whenever possible, update your compile SDK to target Android 16 (API level 36) or higher to use the API directly.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

Os apps complementares não recebem mais notificações de tempo limite de descoberta

Android 16 在配套设备配对流程期间引入了一种新行为，以防恶意应用侵犯用户的位置信息隐私。在 Android 16 上运行的所有配套应用都不再直接通过 RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT 收到发现超时通知。而是通过可视对话框通知用户超时事件。当用户关闭对话框时，系统会通过 RESULT_USER_REJECTED 提醒应用关联失败。

搜索时长也从原来的 20 秒延长到了 30 秒，并且用户可以在搜索期间的任何时间停止设备发现。如果在开始搜索的前 20 秒内发现了至少 1 部设备，CDM 会停止搜索其他设备。

Conectividade

O Android 16 (nível 36 da API) inclui as seguintes mudanças na pilha Bluetooth para melhorar a conectividade com dispositivos periféricos.

Melhoria no tratamento de perdas de títulos

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.