Behavior changes: all apps

The Android 17 platform includes behavior changes that might affect your app. The following behavior changes apply to all apps when they run on Android 17, regardless of targetSdkVersion. You should test your app and then modify it as needed to support these changes, where applicable.

Make sure to also review the list of behavior changes that only affect apps targeting Android 17.

Note: This page lists some of the more important changes. For more detailed information, see the Android 17 release notes.

Core functionality

Android 17 (API level 37) includes the following changes that modify or expand various core capabilities of the Android system.

App memory limits

Android 17 引入了基于设备总 RAM 的应用内存限制，旨在为您的应用和 Android 用户打造更稳定、更具确定性的环境。这些限制侧重于在内存泄漏和其他异常值触发系统范围的不稳定性（导致界面卡顿、电池耗电量增加和应用被终止）之前，对其进行限制。虽然我们预计对绝大多数应用会话的影响很小，但我们建议您遵循以下内存最佳实践，包括建立内存基准。

您可以在 ApplicationExitInfo 中调用 getDescription，以确定您的应用会话是否受到影响；如果您的应用受到 影响，退出原因将为 REASON_OTHER，并且 说明将包含字符串 "MemoryLimiter:AnonSwap" 以及 其他信息。您还可以使用基于触发器的分析（使用 TRIGGER_TYPE_ANOMALY）来获取在达到 内存限制时收集的堆转储。

“管理应用内存”文档提供了相关信息 可帮助您诊断应用的内存问题并优化其资源 消耗。

在内存限制下测试应用的行为

您可以使用 Android 调试桥 (adb) 调整或停用对任何设备施加的 内存限制。Shell 命令 am 提供了三个子命令来调整内存限制。（这些命令对未施加内存限制的设备没有影响。）

• am memory-limiter ignore <uid>|none|all
• am memory-limiter manual <pid> <limit>|max|none
• am memory-limiter status

ignore

指示内存限制器忽略部分或所有进程。 传递 UID（Android 用户 ID） 会指示内存限制器 忽略对与该 UID 相关联的所有进程的强制执行。 您还可以传递 all（忽略所有应用）或 none（不忽略任何应用）。 传递 none 会替换之前对 am memory-limiter ignore 的任何调用。

如果您指示内存限制器忽略某个 UID，您仍然可以通过调用 am memory-limiter manual 对应用中的进程应用手动内存限制。

manual

指示系统对具有指定 PID（进程 ID）的进程施加内存限制。内存限制以整数形式的 MB 数指定；例如，传递 30 指定进程的内存限制为 30 MB。传递 max 会移除对该进程的所有内存限制。 传递 none 会移除对该进程设置的任何手动限制，从而恢复系统的默认限制（如果有）。

status

报告内存限制器的当前状态。该状态包括对可见和不可见进程施加的内存限制。

Privacy

Android 17 includes the following changes to improve user privacy.

SMS OTP protection

Beginning with Android 17, Android is expanding its protection for SMS messages containing one-time passwords (OTP).

In previous versions of Android, this protection was primarily focused on the SMS Retriever format. Delivery of messages containing an SMS retriever hash was delayed for most apps for three hours. However, certain apps (like the default SMS handler) were exempt from the delay, and the app that owned the hash was also exempted.

Beginning with Android 17, the protection is also applied to WebOTP format messages. If an app has permission to read SMS messages but is not the intended recipient of a WebOTP message (as determined by domain verification), the message is not accessible to the app until three hours after the message's receipt. This change is intended to improve user security by ensuring that only apps associated with the domain mentioned in the message can programmatically read the verification code.

During this three hour delay, the SMS_RECEIVED_ACTION broadcast is withheld and SMS provider database queries are filtered. The SMS message is available to these apps after the delay. This change applies to all apps, regardless of their target API level.

Certain apps such as the default SMS assistant app, connected device companion apps, etc., are exempted from this delay. All apps that rely on reading SMS messages for OTP extraction should transition to using SMS Retriever or SMS User Consent APIs to ensure continued functionality.

Note: If your app targets Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, this protection is also extended to standard SMS messages. For more information, see OTP protection for standard SMS messages in the Behavior changes: Apps targeting Android 17 documentation.

Security

Android 17 includes the following improvements to device and app security.

usesClearTraffic deprecation plan

In a future release, we plan to deprecate the usesCleartextTraffic element. Apps that need to make unencrypted (HTTP) connections should migrate to using a network security configuration file, which lets you specify which domains your app needs to make cleartext connections to.

Be aware that network security configuration files are only supported on API levels 24 and higher. If your app has a minimum API level lower than 24, you should do both of the following:

• Set the usesCleartextTraffic attribute to true
• Use a network configuration file

If your app's minimum API level is 24 or higher, you can use a network configuration file and you don't need to set usesCleartextTraffic.

Restrict implicit URI grants

Currently, if an app launches an intent with a URI that has the action ACTION_SEND, ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE, or ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE, the system automatically grants the read and write URI permissions to the target app. Starting in Android 18, the system will no longer automatically grant these permissions. For this reason, we recommend that apps explicitly grant the relevant URI permissions instead of relying on the system to grant them.

To detect the usage of these intents in your app, use StrictMode with detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant() to trigger a violation:

Kotlin

val policy = StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build()
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy)

Java

StrictMode.VmPolicy policy = new StrictMode.VmPolicy.Builder()
    .detectImplicitUriPermissionGrant()
    .penaltyLog()
    .build();
StrictMode.setVmPolicy(policy);

Alternatively, you can monitor for logged exceptions containing the message Please set the grant explicitly in the app that appears when system implicitly sets the grant. You can monitor for these logs using the following adb command:

adb logcat | grep "Please set the grant explicitly in the app"

To explicitly grant the necessary permissions, add the FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION flag to ACTION_SEND and ACTION_SEND_MULTIPLE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION);

Include both FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION and FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION flags for ACTION_IMAGE_CAPTURE intents:

Kotlin

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION or Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION)

Java

intent.addFlags(Intent.FLAG_GRANT_READ_URI_PERMISSION | Intent.FLAG_GRANT_WRITE_URI_PERMISSION);

Per-app keystore limits

Apps should avoid creating excessive numbers of keys in Android Keystore, because it is a shared resource for all apps on the device. Beginning with Android 17, the system enforces a limit on the number of keys an app can own. The limit is 50,000 keys for non-system apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher, and 200,000 keys for all other apps. System apps have a limit of 200,000 keys, regardless of which API level they target.

If an app attempts to create keys beyond the limit, the creation fails with a KeyStoreException. The exception's message string contains information about the key limit. If the app calls getNumericErrorCode() on the exception, the return value depends on what API level the app targets:

• Apps targeting Android 17 (API level 37) or higher: getNumericErrorCode() returns the new ERROR_TOO_MANY_KEYS value.
• All other apps: getNumericErrorCode() returns ERROR_INCORRECT_USAGE.

Block cross profile loopback traffic

Beginning with Android 17, cross-profile loopback traffic is no longer permitted by default. Loopback traffic within the same profile is not affected. This change applies to all apps running on Android 17 or higher, regardless of what API level the app targets.

User experience and system UI

Android 17 includes the following changes that are intended to create a more consistent, intuitive user experience.

Restoring default IME visibility after rotation

Beginning with Android 17, when the device's configuration changes (for example, through rotation), and this is not handled by the app itself, the previous IME visibility is not restored.

If your app undergoes a configuration change that it does not handle, and the app needs the keyboard to be visible after the change, you must explicitly request this. You can make this request in one of the following ways:

• Set the android:windowSoftInputMode attribute to stateAlwaysVisible.
• Programmatically request the soft keyboard in your activity's onCreate() method, or add the onConfigurationChanged() method.

Human input

Android 17 includes the following changes that affect how apps interact with human input devices like keyboards and touchpads.

Touchpads deliver relative events by default during pointer capture

Beginning with Android 17, if an app requests pointer capture using View.requestPointerCapture() and the user uses a touchpad, the system recognizes pointer movement and scrolling gestures from the user's touches and reports them to the app in the same way as pointer and scroll wheel movements from a captured mouse. In most cases, this removes the need for apps that support captured mice to add special handling logic for touchpads. For more details, see the documentation for View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_RELATIVE.

Previously, the system did not attempt to recognize gestures from the touchpad, and instead delivered the raw, absolute finger locations to the app in a similar format to touchscreen touches. If an app still requires this absolute data, it should call the new View.requestPointerCapture(int) method with View.POINTER_CAPTURE_MODE_ABSOLUTE instead.

Media

Android 17 includes the following changes to media behavior.

Background audio hardening

Beginning with Android 17, the audio framework enforces restrictions on background audio interactions including audio playback, audio focus requests, and volume change APIs to ensure that these changes are started intentionally by the user.

If the app tries to call audio APIs while the app is not in a valid lifecycle, the audio playback and volume change APIs fail silently without throwing an exception or providing a failure message. The audio focus API fails with the result code AUDIOFOCUS_REQUEST_FAILED.

Note: The restrictions are more stringent if an app targets Android 17 (API level 37). For these apps, the foreground service must have while-in-use (WIU) capabilities, unless the app has the exact alarm permission and is interacting with USAGE_ALARM audio streams.

For more information, including mitigation strategies, see Background audio hardening.

Connectivity

Android 17 includes the following changes to enhance device connectivity.

Autonomous re-pairing for Bluetooth bond losses

Android 17 introduces autonomous re-pairing, a system-level enhancement designed to automatically resolve Bluetooth bond loss.

Previously, if a bond was lost, users had to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and then re-pair the peripheral. This feature builds upon the security improvement of Android 16 by allowing the system to re-establish bonds in the background without requiring users to manually navigate to Settings to unpair and re-pair peripherals.

While most apps will not require code changes, developers should be aware of the following behavior changes in Bluetooth stack:

• New pairing context: The ACTION_PAIRING_REQUEST now includes the EXTRA_PAIRING_CONTEXT extra which allows apps to distinguish between a standard pairing request and an autonomous system-initiated re-pairing attempt.
• Conditional key updates: Existing security keys will only be replaced if the re-pairing is successful and new connection meets or exceeds the security level of the previous bond.
• Modified intent timing: The ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is now broadcast only if the autonomous re-pairing attempt fails. This reduces unnecessary error handling in the app if the system successfully recovers the bond in the background.
• User notification: The system manages re-pairing via new UI notifications and dialogs. Users will be prompted to confirm the re-pairing attempt to ensure they are aware of the reconnection.

Peripheral device manufacturers and companion app developers should verify that hardware and app gracefully handle bond transitions. To test this behavior, simulate a remote bond loss using either of the following methods:

• Manually remove the bond information from the peripheral device
• Manually unpair the device in: Settings > Connected devices