行為變更：指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式

和先前版本一樣，Android 16 也包含可能會影響應用程式的行為變更。以下行為變更僅適用於指定 Android 16 以上版本的應用程式。如果應用程式指定 Android 16 以上版本，建議您視情況修改應用程式，以支援這些行為。

此外，無論應用程式的 targetSdkVersion 為何，請務必查看對所有 Android 16 應用程式有影響的行為變更清單。

使用者體驗和系統 UI

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，旨在打造更一致、直覺的使用者體驗。

無邊框顯示選擇不採用選項即將移除

Android 15 enforced edge-to-edge for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35), but your app could opt-out by setting R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement to true. For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is deprecated and disabled, and your app can't opt-out of going edge-to-edge.

• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 15 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement continues to work.
• If your app targets Android 16 (API level 36) and is running on an Android 16 device, R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement is disabled.

For testing in Android 16, ensure your app supports edge-to-edge and remove any use of R.attr#windowOptOutEdgeToEdgeEnforcement so that your app also supports edge-to-edge on an Android 15 device. To support edge-to-edge, see the Compose and Views guidance.

必須遷移或選擇不採用預測返回

对于以 Android 16（API 级别 36）或更高版本为目标平台且在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上运行的应用，系统会默认启用预测性返回系统动画（返回主屏幕、跨任务和跨 activity）。此外，系统不会调用 onBackPressed，也不会再分派 KeyEvent.KEYCODE_BACK。

如果您的应用会拦截返回事件，而您尚未迁移到预测性返回，请更新应用以使用受支持的返回导航 API，或在应用的 AndroidManifest.xml 文件的 <application> 或 <activity> 标记中将 android:enableOnBackInvokedCallback 属性设置为 false，以暂时停用预测性返回。

预测性返回主屏幕动画。

预测性跨 activity 动画。

预测性跨任务动画。

Elegant 字型 API 已淘汰並停用

Apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) have the elegantTextHeight TextView attribute set to true by default, replacing the compact font with one that is much more readable. You could override this by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

Android 16 deprecates the elegantTextHeight attribute, and the attribute will be ignored once your app targets Android 16. The "UI fonts" controlled by these APIs are being discontinued, so you should adapt any layouts to ensure consistent and future proof text rendering in Arabic, Lao, Myanmar, Tamil, Gujarati, Kannada, Malayalam, Odia, Telugu or Thai.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 14 (API level 34) and lower, or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that overrode the default by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

elegantTextHeight behavior for apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), or for apps targeting Android 15 (API level 35) that didn't override the default by setting the elegantTextHeight attribute to false.

核心功能

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列異動項目，這類變更會修改或擴充 Android 系統的各種核心功能。

固定費率工作排程最佳化

在以 Android 16 为目标平台之前，如果 scheduleAtFixedRate 因不在有效的进程生命周期内而错过了任务执行，则当应用返回到有效的生命周期时，所有错过的执行会立即执行。

以 Android 16 为目标平台时，当应用返回到有效的生命周期时，系统会立即执行最多 1 次未执行的 scheduleAtFixedRate 执行。此行为变更预计会提升应用性能。在您的应用中测试此行为，检查您的应用是否受到影响。您还可以使用应用兼容性框架并启用 STPE_SKIP_MULTIPLE_MISSED_PERIODIC_TASKS 兼容性标志进行测试。

裝置板型規格

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列變更，適用於在大螢幕裝置上顯示的應用程式。

自動調整式版面配置

With Android apps now running on a variety of devices (such as phones, tablets, foldables, desktops, cars, and TVs) and windowing modes on large screens (such as split screen and desktop windowing), developers should build Android apps that adapt to any screen and window size, regardless of device orientation. Paradigms like restricting orientation and resizability are too restrictive in today's multidevice world.

Ignore orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions no longer apply on displays with smallest width >= 600dp. Apps fill the entire display window, regardless of aspect ratio or a user's preferred orientation, and pillarboxing isn't used.

This change introduces a new standard platform behavior. Android is moving toward a model where apps are expected to adapt to various orientations, display sizes, and aspect ratios. Restrictions like fixed orientation or limited resizability hinder app adaptability. Make your app adaptive to deliver the best possible user experience.

You can also test this behavior by using the app compatibility framework and enabling the UNIVERSAL_RESIZABLE_BY_DEFAULT compat flag.

Common breaking changes

Ignoring orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions might impact your app's UI on some devices, especially elements that were designed for small layouts locked in portrait orientation: for example, issues like stretched layouts and off-screen animations and components. Any assumptions about aspect ratio or orientation can cause visual issues with your app. Learn more about how to avoid them and improve your app's adaptive behaviour.

Allowing device rotation results in more activity re-creation, which can result in losing user state if not properly preserved. Learn how to correctly save UI state in Save UI states.

Implementation details

The following manifest attributes and runtime APIs are ignored across large screen devices in full-screen and multi-window modes:

• screenOrientation
• resizableActivity
• minAspectRatio
• maxAspectRatio
• setRequestedOrientation()
• getRequestedOrientation()

The following values for screenOrientation, setRequestedOrientation(), and getRequestedOrientation() are ignored:

• portrait
• reversePortrait
• sensorPortrait
• userPortrait
• landscape
• reverseLandscape
• sensorLandscape
• userLandscape

Regarding display resizability, android:resizeableActivity="false", android:minAspectRatio, and android:maxAspectRatio have no effect.

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36), app orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio constraints are ignored on large screens by default. Every app that isn't fully ready can temporarily override this behavior by opting out, which results in the previous behavior of being placed in compatibility mode.

Exceptions

The Android 16 orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions don't apply in the following situations:

• Games (based on the android:appCategory flag)
• Users explicitly opting in to the app's default behavior in aspect ratio settings of the device
• Screens that are smaller than sw600dp

Opt out temporarily

To opt out a specific activity, declare the PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY manifest property:

<activity ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
  ...
</activity>

If too many parts of your app aren't ready for Android 16, you can opt out completely by applying the same property at the application level:

<application ...>
  <property android:name="android.window.PROPERTY_COMPAT_ALLOW_RESTRICTED_RESIZABILITY" android:value="true" />
</application>

Important: The opt-out is temporary and won't apply when targeting API level 37 in a future Android release. That is, for apps targeting API level 37, orientation, resizability, and aspect ratio restrictions are ignored on displays that are at least sw600dp.

健康與健身

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列與健康和運動資料相關的異動。

健康與健身權限

For apps targeting Android 16 (API level 36) or higher, BODY_SENSORS permissions use more granular permissions under android.permissions.health, which Health Connect also uses. As of Android 16, any API previously requiring BODY_SENSORS or BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND requires the corresponding android.permissions.health permission instead. This affects the following data types, APIs, and foreground service types:

• HEART_RATE_BPM from Health Services on Wear OS
• Sensor.TYPE_HEART_RATE from Android Sensor Manager
• heartRateAccuracy and heartRateBpm from ProtoLayout on Wear OS
• FOREGROUND_SERVICE_TYPE_HEALTH where the respective android.permission.health permission is needed in place of BODY_SENSORS

If your app uses these APIs, it should request the respective granular permissions:

• For while-in-use monitoring of Heart Rate, SpO2, or Skin Temperature: request the granular permission under android.permissions.health, such as READ_HEART_RATE instead of BODY_SENSORS.
• For background sensor access: request READ_HEALTH_DATA_IN_BACKGROUND instead of BODY_SENSORS_BACKGROUND.

These permissions are the same as those that guard access to reading data from Health Connect, the Android datastore for health, fitness, and wellness data.

Mobile apps

Mobile apps migrating to use the READ_HEART_RATE and other granular permissions must also declare an activity to display the app's privacy policy. This is the same requirement as Health Connect.

Important: Failure to provide the rationale for mobile apps will result in the permission being revoked.

連線能力

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列藍牙堆疊變更，可改善與周邊裝置的連線能力。

處理繫結遺失和加密變更的新意圖

As part of the Improved bond loss handling, Android 16 also introduces 2 new intents to provide apps with greater awareness of bond loss and encryption changes.

Apps targeting Android 16 can now:

• Receive an ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent when remote bond loss is detected, allowing them to provide more informative user feedback and take appropriate actions.
• Receive an ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent whenever encryption status of the link changes. This includes encryption status change, encryption algorithm change, and encryption key size change. Apps must consider the bond restored if the link is successfully encrypted upon receiving ACTION_ENCRYPTION_CHANGE intent later.

Adapting to varying OEM implementations

While Android 16 introduces these new intents, their implementation and broadcasting can vary across different device manufacturers (OEMs). To ensure your app provides a consistent and reliable experience across all devices, developers should design their bond loss handling to gracefully adapt to these potential variations.

We recommend the following app behaviors:

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is broadcast:

  The ACL (Asynchronous Connection-Less) link will be disconnected by the system, but the bond information for the device will be retained (as described here).

  Your app should use this intent as the primary signal for bond loss detection and guiding the user to confirm the remote device is in range before initiating device forgetting or re-pairing.

  If a device disconnects after ACTION_KEY_MISSING is received, your app should be cautious about reconnecting, as the device may no longer be bonded with the system.

• If the ACTION_KEY_MISSING intent is NOT broadcast:

  The ACL link will remain connected, and the bond information for the device will be removed by the system, same to behavior in Android 15.

  In this scenario, your app should continue its existing bond loss handling mechanisms as in previous Android releases, to detect and manage bond loss events.

移除藍牙繫結的新方法

All apps targeting Android 16 are now able to unpair bluetooth devices using a public API in CompanionDeviceManager. If a companion device is being managed as a CDM association, then the app can trigger bluetooth bond removal by using the new removeBond(int) API on the associated device. The app can monitor the bond state changes by listening to the bluetooth device broadcast event ACTION_BOND_STATE_CHANGED.

安全性

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列安全性異動。

MediaStore 版本鎖定

For apps targeting Android 16 or higher, MediaStore#getVersion() will now be unique to each app. This eliminates identifying properties from the version string to prevent abuse and usage for fingerprinting techniques. Apps shouldn't make any assumptions around the format of this version. Apps should already handle version changes when using this API and in most cases shouldn't need to change their current behavior, unless the developer has attempted to infer additional information that is beyond the intended scope of this API.

更安全的意圖

The Safer Intents feature is a multi-phase security initiative designed to improve the security of Android's intent resolution mechanism. The goal is to protect apps from malicious actions by adding checks during intent processing and filtering intents that don't meet specific criteria.

In Android 15 the feature focused on the sending app. Now with Android 16, control shifts to the receiving app, allowing developers to opt-in to strict intent resolution using their app manifest.

Two key changes are being implemented:

1. Explicit Intents Must Match the Target Component's Intent Filter: If an intent explicitly targets a component, it should match that component's intent filter.

2. Intents Without an Action Cannot Match any Intent Filter: Intents that don't have an action specified shouldn't be resolved to any intent filter.

These changes only apply when multiple apps are involved and don't affect intent handling within a single app.

Impact

The opt-in nature means that developers must explicitly enable it in their app manifest for it to take effect. As a result, the feature's impact will be limited to apps whose developers:

• Are aware of the Safer Intents feature and its benefits.
• Actively choose to incorporate stricter intent handling practices into their apps.

This opt-in approach minimizes the risk of breaking existing apps that may rely on the current less-secure intent resolution behavior.

While the initial impact in Android 16 may be limited, the Safer Intents initiative has a roadmap for broader impact in future Android releases. The plan is to eventually make strict intent resolution the default behavior.

The Safer Intents feature has the potential to significantly enhance the security of the Android ecosystem by making it more difficult for malicious apps to exploit vulnerabilities in the intent resolution mechanism.

However, the transition to opt-out and mandatory enforcement must be carefully managed to address potential compatibility issues with existing apps.

Implementation

Developers need to explicitly enable stricter intent matching using the intentMatchingFlags attribute in their app manifest. Here is an example where the feature is opt-in for the entire app, but disabled/opt-out on a receiver:

<application android:intentMatchingFlags="enforceIntentFilter">
    <receiver android:name=".MyBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="true" android:intentMatchingFlags="none">
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
        <intent-filter>
            <action android:name="com.example.MY_ANOTHER_CUSTOM_ACTION" />
        </intent-filter>
    </receiver>
</application>

Note: The attribute can be specified on the <application> tag as well as at the component tags such as <activity>, <activity-alias>, <receiver>, <service>, <provider> and the attribute on the component can be used to override what's on the <application> tag

More on the supported flags:

Flag Name	Description
enforceIntentFilter	Enforces stricter matching for incoming intents
none	Disables all special matching rules for incoming intents. When specifying multiple flags, conflicting values are resolved by giving precedence to the "none" flag
allowNullAction	Relaxes the matching rules to allow intents without an action to match. This flag to be used in conjunction with "enforceIntentFilter" to achieve a specific behavior

Testing and Debugging

When the enforcement is active, apps should function correctly if the intent caller has properly populated the intent. However, blocked intents will trigger warning log messages like "Intent does not match component's intent filter:" and "Access blocked:" with the tag "PackageManager." This indicates a potential issue that could impact the app and requires attention.

Logcat filter:

tag=:PackageManager & (message:"Intent does not match component's intent filter:" | message: "Access blocked:")

GPU 系統呼叫篩選

To harden the Mali GPU surface, Mali GPU IOCTLs that have been deprecated or are intended solely for GPU development have been blocked in production builds. Additionally, IOCTLs used for GPU profiling have been restricted to the shell process or debuggable applications. Refer to the SAC update for more details on the platform-level policy.

This change takes place on Pixel devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). Arm has provided official categorization of their IOCTLs in Documentation/ioctl-categories.rst of their r54p2 release. This list will continue to be maintained in future driver releases.

This change does not impact supported graphics APIs (including Vulkan and OpenGL), and is not expected to impact developers or existing applications. GPU profiling tools such as the Streamline Performance Analyzer and the Android GPU Inspector won't be affected.

Testing

If you see a SELinux denial similar to the following, it is likely your application has been impacted by this change:

06-30 10:47:18.617 20360 20360 W roidJUnitRunner: type=1400 audit(0.0:85): avc:  denied  { ioctl }
for  path="/dev/mali0" dev="tmpfs" ino=1188 ioctlcmd=0x8023
scontext=u:r:untrusted_app_25:s0:c512,c768 tcontext=u:object_r:gpu_device:s0 tclass=chr_file
permissive=0 app=com.google.android.selinux.pts

If your application needs to use blocked IOCTLs, please file a bug and assign it to [e-mail].

FAQ

1. Does this policy change apply to all OEMs? This change will be opt-in, but available to any OEMs who would like to use this hardening method. Instructions for implementing the change can be found in the implementation documentation.

2. Is it mandatory to make changes in the OEM codebase to implement this, or does it come with a new AOSP release by default? The platform-level change will come with a new AOSP release by default. Vendors may opt-in to this change in their codebase if they would like to apply it.

3. Are SoCs responsible for keeping the IOCTL list up to date? For example, if my device uses an ARM Mali GPU, would I need to reach out to ARM for any of the changes? Individual SoCs must update their IOCTL lists per device upon driver release. For example, ARM will update their published IOCTL list upon driver updates. However, OEMs should make sure that they incorporate the updates in their SEPolicy, and add any selected custom IOCTLs to the lists as needed.

4. Does this change apply to all Pixel in-market devices automatically, or is a user action required to toggle something to apply this change? This change applies to all Pixel in-market devices using the Mali GPU (Pixel 6-9). No user action is required to apply this change.

5. Will use of this policy impact the performance of the kernel driver? This policy was tested on the Mali GPU using GFXBench, and no measurable change to GPU performance was observed.

6. Is it necessary for the IOCTL list to align with the current userspace and kernel driver versions? Yes, the list of allowed IOCTLs must be synchronized with the IOCTLs supported by both the userspace and kernel drivers. If the IOCTLs in the user space or kernel driver are updated, the SEPolicy IOCTL list must be updated to match.

7. ARM has categorized IOCTLs as 'restricted' / 'instrumentation', but we want to use some of them in production use-cases, and/or deny others. Individual OEMs/SoCs are responsible for deciding on how to categorize the IOCTLs they use, based on the configuration of their userspace Mali libraries. ARM's list can be used to help decide on these, but each OEM/SoC's use-case may be different.

隱私權

Android 16 (API 級別 36) 包含下列隱私權異動。

區域網路權限

凡具備 INTERNET 權限的應用程式，都能存取 LAN 上的裝置。雖然應用程式可因此輕鬆連線到本機裝置，但也帶來隱私疑慮，例如建立使用者數位指紋，或成為推算位置資訊的依據。

區域網路保護措施專案旨在保護使用者隱私，因此會透過新的執行階段權限，限制對區域網路的存取。

發布計畫

這項異動將分兩階段實施，分別在 25Q2 和 26Q2。開發人員務必遵循 25Q2 的指引並提供意見回饋，因為這些保護措施將在日後的 Android 版本中強制執行。此外，他們需要按照下列指南，更新依賴隱含區域網路存取權的情境，並做好使用者拒絕和撤銷新權限的準備。

影響

目前，LNP 是選擇性功能，也就是說，只有選擇加入的應用程式會受到影響。選擇加入階段的目標是讓應用程式開發人員瞭解應用程式的哪些部分依賴隱含的區域網路存取權，以便為下一個版本做好權限防護準備。

如果應用程式使用下列項目存取使用者的區域網路，就會受到影響：

• 直接或透過程式庫使用區域網路位址上的原始通訊端 (例如 mDNS 或 SSDP 服務探索通訊協定)
• 使用存取區域網路的架構層級類別 (例如 NsdManager)

傳送至和來自區域網路位址的流量，需要區域網路存取權限。下表列出一些常見情況：

應用程式低層級網路作業	必須授予區域網路權限
建立傳出 TCP 連線	是
接受傳入的 TCP 連線	是
傳送 UDP 單點傳播、多點傳播、廣播	是
接收傳入的 UDP 單點傳播、多點傳播、廣播	是

這些限制是在網路堆疊深處實施，因此適用於「所有網路 API」。這包括在原生或代管程式碼中建立的通訊端、Cronet 和 OkHttp 等網路程式庫，以及在這些程式庫上實作的任何 API。如要解析區域網路上的服務 (即後置字串為 .local 的服務)，則需要區域網路權限。

注意： 如果流量來自需要區域網路存取權的 Android Webview，則會沿用主機應用程式的權限狀態

上述規則的例外狀況：

• 如果裝置的 DNS 伺服器位於區域網路，則往返該伺服器的流量 (通訊埠 53) 不需要區域網路存取權限。
• 如果應用程式使用輸出切換器做為應用程式內選擇器，就不需要區域網路權限 (2025 年第 4 季會提供更多指引)。

注意： 許多媒體投放情境都必須存取區域網路，因此會受到這項異動影響。不過，並非所有提供投放功能的應用程式都需要要求新權限。我們將在 25Q4 提供未來 API 和處理投放情境的指南。

開發人員指南 (選擇加入)

如要啟用區域網路限制，請按照下列步驟操作：

1. 將裝置刷寫至 25Q2 Beta 3 以上版本。
2. 安裝要測試的應用程式。

3. 在 ADB 中切換 Appcompat 旗標：

   adb shell am compat enable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>
   

4. 重新啟動裝置

現在，應用程式對區域網路的存取權已受限，任何嘗試存取區域網路的行為都會導致通訊端錯誤。如果您使用的 API 會在應用程式程序外執行區域網路作業 (例如 NsdManager)，在選擇加入階段不會受到影響。

如要恢復存取權，請授予應用程式NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES權限。

1. 確認應用程式在資訊清單中宣告 NEARBY_WIFI_DEVICES 權限。
2. 依序前往「設定」>「應用程式」> [應用程式名稱] >「權限」>「鄰近裝置」>「允許」。

注意： 在日後的 Android 版本中，這項功能將由「鄰近裝置」權限群組中的新權限保護

現在，應用程式應可重新存取區域網路，且所有情境都應能正常運作，就像在應用程式啟用這項功能之前一樣。

區域網路保護措施開始強制執行後，應用程式網路流量會受到以下影響。

權限	傳出 LAN 要求	傳出/傳入網際網路要求	傳入 LAN 要求
已授予	Works	Works	Works
未授予	凸槌影片	Works	凸槌影片

使用下列指令關閉 App-Compat 旗標

adb shell am compat disable RESTRICT_LOCAL_NETWORK <package_name>

錯誤

每當呼叫通訊端叫用傳送或傳送變體至區域網路位址時，系統會將這些限制引起的錯誤傳回給呼叫通訊端。

錯誤示例：

sendto failed: EPERM (Operation not permitted)

sendto failed: ECONNABORTED (Operation not permitted)

區域網路定義

這項專案中的區域網路是指使用具備廣播功能網路介面 (例如 Wi-Fi 或乙太網路) 的 IP 網路，但不包括行動網路 (WWAN) 或 VPN 連線。

下列網路視為區域網路：

IPv4：

• 169.254.0.0/16 // 連結本機
• 100.64.0.0/10 // CGNAT
• 10.0.0.0/8 // RFC1918
• 172.16.0.0/12 // RFC1918
• 192.168.0.0/16 // RFC1918

IPv6：

• 連結至本機
• 直接連結的路徑
• Thread 等虛設常式網路
• 多子網路 (待定)

此外，多點傳播位址 (224.0.0.0/4、ff00::/8) 和 IPv4 廣播地址 (255.255.255.255) 都歸類為區域網路位址。

應用程式擁有的相片

When prompted for photo and video permissions by an app targeting SDK 36 or higher on devices running Android 16 or higher, users who choose to limit access to selected media will see any photos owned by the app pre-selected in the photo picker. Users can deselect any of these pre-selected items, which will revoke the app's access to those photos and videos.