동작 변경사항: 모든 앱

Android 16 플랫폼에는 앱에 영향을 줄 수 있는 동작 변경사항이 있습니다. targetSdkVersion과 관계없이 Android 16에서 실행되는 모든 앱에 적용되는 동작 변경사항은 다음과 같습니다. 이러한 변경사항을 적절히 지원해야 하는 경우 앱을 테스트한 후 필요에 따라 수정해야 합니다.

또한 Android 16을 타겟팅하는 앱에만 영향을 주는 동작 변경사항 목록을 검토해야 합니다.

핵심 기능

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 Android 시스템의 다양한 핵심 기능을 수정하거나 확장하는 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

JobScheduler 할당량 최적화

Starting in Android 16, we're adjusting regular and expedited job execution runtime quota based on the following factors:

• Which app standby bucket the application is in: in Android 16, active standby buckets will start being enforced by a generous runtime quota.
• If the job starts execution while the app is in a top state: in Android 16, Jobs started while the app is visible to the user and continues after the app becomes invisible, will adhere to the job runtime quota.
• If the job is executing while running a Foreground Service: in Android 16, jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota. If you're leveraging jobs for user initiated data transfer, consider using user initiated data transfer jobs instead.

This change impacts tasks scheduled using WorkManager, JobScheduler, and DownloadManager. To debug why a job was stopped, we recommend logging why your job was stopped by calling WorkInfo.getStopReason() (for JobScheduler jobs, call JobParameters.getStopReason()).

For information about how your app's state affects the resources it can use, see Power management resource limits. For more information on battery-optimal best practices, refer to guidance on optimize battery use for task scheduling APIs.

We also recommend leveraging the new JobScheduler#getPendingJobReasonsHistory API introduced in Android 16 to understand why a job has not executed.

Testing

To test your app's behavior, you can enable override of certain job quota optimizations as long as the app is running on an Android 16 device.

To disable enforcement of "top state will adhere to job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_TOP_STARTED_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To disable enforcement of "jobs that are executing while concurrently with a foreground service will adhere to the job runtime quota", run the following adb command:

adb shell am compat enable OVERRIDE_QUOTA_ENFORCEMENT_TO_FGS_JOBS APP_PACKAGE_NAME

To test certain app standby bucket behavior, you can set the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am set-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME active|working_set|frequent|rare|restricted

To understand the app standby bucket your app is in, you can get the app standby bucket of your app using the following adb command:

adb shell am get-standby-bucket APP_PACKAGE_NAME

비어 있는 작업 중지 이유가 삭제됨

如果与作业关联的 JobParameters 对象已被垃圾回收，但尚未调用 JobService#jobFinished(JobParameters, boolean) 来指示作业已完成，则会发生作业被废弃的情况。这表示作业可能会在应用不知情的情况下运行和重新调度。

依赖于 JobScheduler 的应用不会维护对 JobParameters 对象的强引用，并且超时现在将获得新的作业停止原因 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT_ABANDONED，而不是 STOP_REASON_TIMEOUT。

如果新的作业被废弃停止原因频繁出现，系统会采取缓解措施来降低作业频率。

应用应使用新的停止原因来检测和减少被废弃的作业。

如果您使用的是 WorkManager、AsyncTask 或 DownloadManager，则不会受到影响，因为这些 API 会代表您的应用管理作业生命周期。

JobInfo#setImportantWhileForeground 완전히 지원 중단

The JobInfo.Builder#setImportantWhileForeground(boolean) method indicates the importance of a job while the scheduling app is in the foreground or when temporarily exempted from background restrictions.

This method has been deprecated since Android 12 (API level 31). Starting in Android 16, it no longer functions effectively and calling this method will be ignored.

This removal of functionality also applies to JobInfo#isImportantWhileForeground(). Starting in Android 16, if the method is called, the method returns false.

순서가 지정된 브로드캐스트 우선순위 범위가 더 이상 전역이 아님

Android apps are allowed to define priorities on broadcast receivers to control the order in which the receivers receive and process the broadcast. For manifest-declared receivers, apps can use the android:priority attribute to define the priority and for context-registered receivers, apps can use the IntentFilter#setPriority() API to define the priority. When a broadcast is sent, the system delivers it to receivers in order of their priority, from highest to lowest.

In Android 16, broadcast delivery order using the android:priority attribute or IntentFilter#setPriority() across different processes will not be guaranteed. Broadcast priorities will only be respected within the same application process rather than across all processes.

Also, broadcast priorities will be automatically confined to the range (SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY + 1, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY - 1). Only system components will be allowed to set SYSTEM_LOW_PRIORITY, SYSTEM_HIGH_PRIORITY as broadcast priority.

Your app might be impacted if it does either of the following:

1. Your application has declared multiple processes with the same broadcast intent, and has expectations around receiving those intents in a certain order based on the priority.
2. Your application process interacts with other processes and has expectations around receiving a broadcast intent in a certain order.

If the processes need to coordinate with each other, they should communicate using other coordination channels.

ART 내부 변경사항

Android 16 includes the latest updates to the Android Runtime (ART) that improve the Android Runtime's (ART's) performance and provide support for additional Java features. Through Google Play System updates, these improvements are also available to over a billion devices running Android 12 (API level 31) and higher.

As these changes are released, libraries and app code that rely on internal structures of ART might not work correctly on devices running Android 16, along with earlier Android versions that update the ART module through Google Play system updates.

Relying on internal structures (such as non-SDK interfaces) can always lead to compatibility problems, but it's particularly important to avoid relying on code (or libraries containing code) that leverages internal ART structures, since ART changes aren't tied to the platform version the device is running on and they go out to over a billion devices through Google Play system updates.

All developers should check whether their app is impacted by testing their apps thoroughly on Android 16. In addition, check the known issues to see if your app depends on any libraries that we've identified that rely on internal ART structures. If you do have app code or library dependencies that are affected, seek public API alternatives whenever possible and request public APIs for new use cases by creating a feature request in our issue tracker.

16KB 페이지 크기 호환성 모드

Android 15 引入了对 16 KB 内存页面的支持，以优化平台性能。Android 16 添加了兼容模式，让一些针对 4 KB 内存页面构建的应用可以在配置为 16 KB 内存页面的设备上运行。

当您的应用在搭载 Android 16 或更高版本的设备上运行时，如果 Android 检测到您的应用具有 4 KB 对齐的内存页面，则会自动使用兼容模式并向用户显示通知对话框。在 AndroidManifest.xml 中设置 android:pageSizeCompat 属性以启用向后兼容模式，将会阻止应用启动时显示对话框。如需使用 android:pageSizeCompat 属性，请使用 Android 16 SDK 编译您的应用。

为了实现最佳性能、可靠性和稳定性，应用仍应以 16 KB 对齐。如需了解详情，请参阅我们近期发布的博文，了解如何更新应用以支持 16 KB 的内存页面。

兼容模式对话框：当系统检测到 4 KB 对齐的应用在 16 KB 对齐的情况下可以更高效地运行时，系统会显示此对话框。

사용자 환경 및 시스템 UI

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 더 일관되고 직관적인 사용자 환경을 만들기 위한 다음 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

방해가 되는 접근성 안내 지원 중단

Android 16 废弃了无障碍功能通告，其特征是使用 announceForAccessibility 或调度 TYPE_ANNOUNCEMENT 无障碍功能事件。这可能会给 TalkBack 和 Android 屏幕阅读器用户带来不一致的用户体验，而替代方案可以更好地满足各种 Android 辅助技术的用户需求。

替代方案示例：

• 对于窗口更改等重大界面更改，请使用 Activity.setTitle(CharSequence) 和 setAccessibilityPaneTitle(java.lang.CharSequence)。在 Compose 中，使用 Modifier.semantics { paneTitle = "paneTitle" }
• 如需向用户告知关键界面的更改，请使用 setAccessibilityLiveRegion(int)。在 Compose 中，请使用 Modifier.semantics { liveRegion = LiveRegionMode.[Polite|Assertive]}。应谨慎使用这些事件，因为它们可能会在每次更新视图时生成通知。
• 如需向用户发送错误通知，请发送类型为 AccessibilityEvent#CONTENT_CHANGE_TYPE_ERROR 的 AccessibilityEvent 并设置 AccessibilityNodeInfo#setError(CharSequence)，或使用 TextView#setError(CharSequence)。

已废弃的 announceForAccessibility API 的参考文档中包含有关建议替代方案的更多详细信息。

3버튼 탐색 지원

Android 16에서는 뒤로 탐색 예측으로 적절하게 이전한 앱의 3버튼 탐색에 뒤로 탐색 예측을 지원합니다. 뒤로 버튼을 길게 누르면 뒤로 탐색 예측 애니메이션이 시작되어 뒤로 스와이프하면 이동할 위치를 미리 볼 수 있습니다.

이 동작은 시스템 애니메이션 (홈으로 돌아가기, 교차 작업, 교차 활동)을 비롯하여 뒤로 탐색 예측 애니메이션을 지원하는 시스템의 모든 영역에 적용됩니다.

3버튼 탐색 모드의 뒤로 탐색 예측 애니메이션

기기 폼 팩터

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 가상 기기 소유자가 디스플레이에 투영할 때 앱에 적용되는 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함됩니다.

가상 기기 소유자 재정의

A virtual device owner is a trusted or privileged app that creates and manages a virtual device. Virtual device owners run apps on a virtual device and then project the apps to the display of a remote device, such as a personal computer, virtual reality device, or car infotainment system. The virtual device owner is on a local device, such as a mobile phone.

Virtual device owner on phone creates virtual device that projects app to remote display.

Per-app overrides

On devices running Android 16 (API level 36), virtual device owners can override app settings on select virtual devices that the virtual device owners manage. For example, to improve app layout, a virtual device owner can ignore orientation, aspect ratio, and resizability restrictions when projecting apps onto an external display.

Common breaking changes

The Android 16 behavior might impact your app's UI on large screen form factors such as car displays or Chromebooks, especially layouts that were designed for small displays in portrait orientation. To learn how to make your app adaptive for all device form factors, see About adaptive layouts.

References

Companion app streaming

보안

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 악성 앱으로부터 앱과 사용자를 보호하는 데 도움이 되는 시스템 보안을 촉진하는 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

인텐트 리디렉션 공격에 대한 보안 개선

Android 16 provides default security against general Intent redirection attacks, with minimum compatibility and developer changes required.

We are introducing by-default security hardening solutions to Intent redirection exploits. In most cases, apps that use intents normally won't experience any compatibility issues; we've gathered metrics throughout our development process to monitor which apps might experience breakages.

Intent redirection in Android occurs when an attacker can partly or fully control the contents of an intent used to launch a new component in the context of a vulnerable app, while the victim app launches an untrusted sub-level intent in an extras field of an ("top-level") Intent. This can lead to the attacker app launching private components in the context of the victim app, triggering privileged actions, or gaining URI access to sensitive data, potentially leading to data theft and arbitrary code execution.

Opt out of Intent redirection handling

Android 16 introduces a new API that allows apps to opt out of launch security protections. This might be necessary in specific cases where the default security behavior interferes with legitimate app use cases.

Important: Opting out of security protections should be done with caution and only when absolutely necessary, as it can increase the risk of security vulnerabilities. Carefully assess the potential impact on your app's security before using this API.

For applications compiling against Android 16 (API level 36) SDK or higher

You can directly use the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method on the Intent object.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent")
iSublevel?.removeLaunchSecurityProtection() // Opt out from hardening
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

For applications compiling against Android 15 (API level 35) or lower

While not recommended, you can use reflection to access the removeLaunchSecurityProtection() method.

Caution: Using reflection can make your code more fragile and prone to errors, especially if the underlying API changes in future Android versions. Whenever possible, update your compile SDK to target Android 16 (API level 36) or higher to use the API directly.

val i = intent
val iSublevel: Intent? = i.getParcelableExtra("sub_intent", Intent::class.java)
try {
    val removeLaunchSecurityProtection = Intent::class.java.getDeclaredMethod("removeLaunchSecurityProtection")
    removeLaunchSecurityProtection.invoke(iSublevel)
} catch (e: Exception) {
    // Handle the exception, e.g., log it
} // Opt-out from the security hardening using reflection
iSublevel?.let { startActivity(it) }

호환 앱에 더 이상 검색 시간 제한 알림이 전송되지 않음

Android 16에서는 악성 앱으로부터 사용자의 위치 개인 정보를 보호하기 위해 컴패니언 기기 페어링 흐름 중에 새로운 동작을 도입합니다. Android 16에서 실행되는 모든 호환 앱은 더 이상 RESULT_DISCOVERY_TIMEOUT를 사용하여 검색 시간 초과에 관해 직접 알림을 받지 않습니다. 대신 사용자에게 시각적 대화상자를 통해 시간 초과 이벤트가 알림으로 전송됩니다. 사용자가 대화상자를 닫으면 앱에 RESULT_USER_REJECTED와의 연결 실패에 관한 알림이 전송됩니다.

검색 시간도 원래 20초에서 연장되었으며, 검색 중 언제든지 사용자가 기기 검색을 중지할 수 있습니다. 검색을 시작한 후 처음 20초 이내에 기기가 하나 이상 감지되면 CDM은 추가 기기 검색을 중지합니다.

연결

Android 16 (API 수준 36)에는 주변기기와의 연결을 개선하기 위해 블루투스 스택에 다음과 같은 변경사항이 포함되어 있습니다.

결합 손실 처리 개선

Starting in Android 16, the Bluetooth stack has been updated to improve security and user experience when a remote bond loss is detected. Previously, the system would automatically remove the bond and initiate a new pairing process, which could lead to unintentional re-pairing. We have seen in many instances apps not taking care of the bond loss event in a consistent way.

To unify the experience, Android 16 improved the bond loss handling to the system. If a previously bonded Bluetooth device could not be authenticated upon reconnection, the system will disconnect the link, retain local bond information, and display a system dialog informing users of the bond loss and directing them to re-pair.