本课程介绍如何使用轻触手势拖动和缩放屏幕上的对象，即使用 onTouchEvent() 拦截轻触事件。
拖动对象
如果您的目标平台是 Android 3.0 或更高版本，则可以通过 View.OnDragListener 使用内置的拖放事件监听器，如拖放中所述。
轻触手势的常用操作是使用它在屏幕上拖动对象。借助以下代码段，用户可以拖动屏幕上的图片。请注意以下几点：
- 在拖动（或滚动）操作中，应用必须跟踪原始指针（手指），即使用户将其他手指放在屏幕上也不例外。例如，假设在拖动图片时，用户将第二根手指放在触摸屏上，然后抬起第一根手指。如果应用仅跟踪单个指针，则会将第二个指针视为默认指针，并将图片移到该手指所在位置。
- 为防止出现这种情况，应用需要区分原始指针和任何后续指针。为此，它会跟踪处理多点触控手势中所述的
ACTION_POINTER_DOWN和ACTION_POINTER_UP事件。每当辅助指针按下或抬起时，系统会分别将ACTION_POINTER_DOWN和ACTION_POINTER_UP传递到onTouchEvent()回调。 - 在
ACTION_POINTER_UP的情况下，示例会提取此索引，并确保有效指针 ID 不会引用已不再轻触屏幕的指针。如果此 ID 引用的是不再轻触屏幕的指针，应用会选择将其他指针视为有效状态，然后保存其当前的 X 和 Y 位置。由于在ACTION_MOVE的情况下，系统会使用所保存的这一位置计算屏幕上对象的移动距离，因此应用始终会使用来自正确指针的数据计算移动距离。
以下代码段使用户可以在屏幕上拖动对象。此代码段会记录有效指针的初始位置、计算指针已经移动的距离，并将对象移到新位置。此代码段可以正确地管理其他指针的可能性，如上所述。
请注意，此代码段使用 getActionMasked() 方法。您应该始终使用此方法（最好使用兼容版本 MotionEventCompat.getActionMasked()）检索 MotionEvent 的操作。与旧版 getAction() 方法不同，getActionMasked() 能够与多个指针一起使用。它可以返回正在执行的已遮蔽操作，而不包含指针索引位。
Kotlin
// The ‘active pointer’ is the one currently moving our object.
private var mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID
override fun onTouchEvent(ev: MotionEvent): Boolean {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev)
val action = MotionEventCompat.getActionMasked(ev)
when (action) {
MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN -> {
MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev).also { pointerIndex ->
// Remember where we started (for dragging)
mLastTouchX = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex)
mLastTouchY = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex)
}
// Save the ID of this pointer (for dragging)
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, 0)
}
MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE -> {
// Find the index of the active pointer and fetch its position
val (x: Float, y: Float) =
MotionEventCompat.findPointerIndex(ev, mActivePointerId).let { pointerIndex ->
// Calculate the distance moved
MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex) to
MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex)
}
mPosX += x - mLastTouchX
mPosY += y - mLastTouchY
invalidate()
// Remember this touch position for the next move event
mLastTouchX = x
mLastTouchY = y
}
MotionEvent.ACTION_UP, MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL -> {
mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID
}
MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_UP -> {
MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev).also { pointerIndex ->
MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, pointerIndex)
.takeIf { it == mActivePointerId }
?.run {
// This was our active pointer going up. Choose a new
// active pointer and adjust accordingly.
val newPointerIndex = if (pointerIndex == 0) 1 else 0
mLastTouchX = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, newPointerIndex)
mLastTouchY = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, newPointerIndex)
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, newPointerIndex)
}
}
}
}
return true
}
Java
// The ‘active pointer’ is the one currently moving our object.
private int mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID;
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev);
final int action = MotionEventCompat.getActionMasked(ev);
switch (action) {
case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN: {
final int pointerIndex = MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev);
final float x = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex);
final float y = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex);
// Remember where we started (for dragging)
mLastTouchX = x;
mLastTouchY = y;
// Save the ID of this pointer (for dragging)
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, 0);
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE: {
// Find the index of the active pointer and fetch its position
final int pointerIndex =
MotionEventCompat.findPointerIndex(ev, mActivePointerId);
final float x = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, pointerIndex);
final float y = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, pointerIndex);
// Calculate the distance moved
final float dx = x - mLastTouchX;
final float dy = y - mLastTouchY;
mPosX += dx;
mPosY += dy;
invalidate();
// Remember this touch position for the next move event
mLastTouchX = x;
mLastTouchY = y;
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_UP: {
mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID;
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_CANCEL: {
mActivePointerId = INVALID_POINTER_ID;
break;
}
case MotionEvent.ACTION_POINTER_UP: {
final int pointerIndex = MotionEventCompat.getActionIndex(ev);
final int pointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, pointerIndex);
if (pointerId == mActivePointerId) {
// This was our active pointer going up. Choose a new
// active pointer and adjust accordingly.
final int newPointerIndex = pointerIndex == 0 ? 1 : 0;
mLastTouchX = MotionEventCompat.getX(ev, newPointerIndex);
mLastTouchY = MotionEventCompat.getY(ev, newPointerIndex);
mActivePointerId = MotionEventCompat.getPointerId(ev, newPointerIndex);
}
break;
}
}
return true;
}
拖动平移视图
上一部分展示了在屏幕上拖动对象的示例。另一种常见情形是“平移”，即用户的拖动动作导致在 x 轴和 y 轴上同时滚动。上述代码段会直接拦截 MotionEvent 操作以实现拖动。本部分的代码段会利用平台内置的常用手势。它会替换 GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener 中的 onScroll()。
为了提供更多上下文，系统会在用户拖动手指以平移内容时调用 onScroll()。系统仅在手指按下时才会调用 onScroll()；当手指从屏幕上抬起时，手势便会结束，或开始执行滑动手势（如果手指在抬起之前正在以一定的速度移动）。如需了解有关滚动和滑动的详细讨论，请参阅以动画方式显示滚动手势。
以下是 onScroll() 的代码段：
Kotlin
// The current viewport. This rectangle represents the currently visible
// chart domain and range.
private val mCurrentViewport = RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX)
// The current destination rectangle (in pixel coordinates) into which the
// chart data should be drawn.
private val mContentRect: Rect? = null
private val mGestureListener = object : GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener() {
...
override fun onScroll(
e1: MotionEvent,
e2: MotionEvent,
distanceX: Float,
distanceY: Float
): Boolean {
// Scrolling uses math based on the viewport (as opposed to math using pixels).
mContentRect?.apply {
// Pixel offset is the offset in screen pixels, while viewport offset is the
// offset within the current viewport.
val viewportOffsetX = distanceX * mCurrentViewport.width() / width()
val viewportOffsetY = -distanceY * mCurrentViewport.height() / height()
// Updates the viewport, refreshes the display.
setViewportBottomLeft(
mCurrentViewport.left + viewportOffsetX,
mCurrentViewport.bottom + viewportOffsetY
)
}
return true
}
}
Java
// The current viewport. This rectangle represents the currently visible
// chart domain and range.
private RectF mCurrentViewport =
new RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX);
// The current destination rectangle (in pixel coordinates) into which the
// chart data should be drawn.
private Rect mContentRect;
private final GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener mGestureListener
= new GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener() {
...
@Override
public boolean onScroll(MotionEvent e1, MotionEvent e2,
float distanceX, float distanceY) {
// Scrolling uses math based on the viewport (as opposed to math using pixels).
// Pixel offset is the offset in screen pixels, while viewport offset is the
// offset within the current viewport.
float viewportOffsetX = distanceX * mCurrentViewport.width()
/ mContentRect.width();
float viewportOffsetY = -distanceY * mCurrentViewport.height()
/ mContentRect.height();
...
// Updates the viewport, refreshes the display.
setViewportBottomLeft(
mCurrentViewport.left + viewportOffsetX,
mCurrentViewport.bottom + viewportOffsetY);
...
return true;
}
onScroll() 的实现会滚动视口以响应轻触手势：
Kotlin
/**
* Sets the current viewport (defined by mCurrentViewport) to the given
* X and Y positions. Note that the Y value represents the topmost pixel position,
* and thus the bottom of the mCurrentViewport rectangle.
*/
private fun setViewportBottomLeft(x: Float, y: Float) {
/*
* Constrains within the scroll range. The scroll range is simply the viewport
* extremes (AXIS_X_MAX, etc.) minus the viewport size. For example, if the
* extremes were 0 and 10, and the viewport size was 2, the scroll range would
* be 0 to 8.
*/
val curWidth: Float = mCurrentViewport.width()
val curHeight: Float = mCurrentViewport.height()
val newX: Float = Math.max(AXIS_X_MIN, Math.min(x, AXIS_X_MAX - curWidth))
val newY: Float = Math.max(AXIS_Y_MIN + curHeight, Math.min(y, AXIS_Y_MAX))
mCurrentViewport.set(newX, newY - curHeight, newX + curWidth, newY)
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this)
}
Java
/**
* Sets the current viewport (defined by mCurrentViewport) to the given
* X and Y positions. Note that the Y value represents the topmost pixel position,
* and thus the bottom of the mCurrentViewport rectangle.
*/
private void setViewportBottomLeft(float x, float y) {
/*
* Constrains within the scroll range. The scroll range is simply the viewport
* extremes (AXIS_X_MAX, etc.) minus the viewport size. For example, if the
* extremes were 0 and 10, and the viewport size was 2, the scroll range would
* be 0 to 8.
*/
float curWidth = mCurrentViewport.width();
float curHeight = mCurrentViewport.height();
x = Math.max(AXIS_X_MIN, Math.min(x, AXIS_X_MAX - curWidth));
y = Math.max(AXIS_Y_MIN + curHeight, Math.min(y, AXIS_Y_MAX));
mCurrentViewport.set(x, y - curHeight, x + curWidth, y);
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this);
}
通过轻触执行缩放操作
如检测常用手势中所述，GestureDetector 可以帮助您检测 Android 使用的常用手势，例如滚动、滑动和长按。对于缩放，Android 提供了 ScaleGestureDetector。如果您希望视图能够识别其他手势，可以同时使用 GestureDetector 和 ScaleGestureDetector。
为了报告检测到的手势事件，手势检测器会使用传递到其构造函数的监听器对象。ScaleGestureDetector 使用的是 ScaleGestureDetector.OnScaleGestureListener。Android 提供 ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener 作为辅助类；如果您对所有报告的事件都不关注，则可以扩展此类。
基本缩放操作示例
以下代码段展示了缩放操作所涉及的基本要素。
Kotlin
private var mScaleFactor = 1f
private val scaleListener = object : ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener() {
override fun onScale(detector: ScaleGestureDetector): Boolean {
mScaleFactor *= detector.scaleFactor
// Don't let the object get too small or too large.
mScaleFactor = Math.max(0.1f, Math.min(mScaleFactor, 5.0f))
invalidate()
return true
}
}
private val mScaleDetector = ScaleGestureDetector(context, scaleListener)
override fun onTouchEvent(ev: MotionEvent): Boolean {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev)
return true
}
override fun onDraw(canvas: Canvas?) {
super.onDraw(canvas)
canvas?.apply {
save()
scale(mScaleFactor, mScaleFactor)
// onDraw() code goes here
restore()
}
}
Java
private ScaleGestureDetector mScaleDetector;
private float mScaleFactor = 1.f;
public MyCustomView(Context mContext){
...
// View code goes here
...
mScaleDetector = new ScaleGestureDetector(context, new ScaleListener());
}
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
// Let the ScaleGestureDetector inspect all events.
mScaleDetector.onTouchEvent(ev);
return true;
}
@Override
public void onDraw(Canvas canvas) {
super.onDraw(canvas);
canvas.save();
canvas.scale(mScaleFactor, mScaleFactor);
...
// onDraw() code goes here
...
canvas.restore();
}
private class ScaleListener
extends ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener {
@Override
public boolean onScale(ScaleGestureDetector detector) {
mScaleFactor *= detector.getScaleFactor();
// Don't let the object get too small or too large.
mScaleFactor = Math.max(0.1f, Math.min(mScaleFactor, 5.0f));
invalidate();
return true;
}
}
更复杂的缩放操作示例
以下是本课程提供的 InteractiveChart 代码示例中的一个更复杂的示例。InteractiveChart 代码示例使用 ScaleGestureDetector "span" (getCurrentSpanX/Y) 和 "focus" (getFocusX/Y) 功能，支持使用多根手指进行滚动（平移）和缩放：
Kotlin
private val mCurrentViewport = RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX)
private val mContentRect: Rect? = null
...
override fun onTouchEvent(event: MotionEvent): Boolean {
return mScaleGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event)
|| mGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event)
|| super.onTouchEvent(event)
}
/**
* The scale listener, used for handling multi-finger scale gestures.
*/
private val mScaleGestureListener = object : ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener() {
/**
* This is the active focal point in terms of the viewport. Could be a local
* variable but kept here to minimize per-frame allocations.
*/
private val viewportFocus = PointF()
private var lastSpanX: Float = 0f
private var lastSpanY: Float = 0f
// Detects that new pointers are going down.
override fun onScaleBegin(scaleGestureDetector: ScaleGestureDetector): Boolean {
lastSpanX = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanX
lastSpanY = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanY
return true
}
override fun onScale(scaleGestureDetector: ScaleGestureDetector): Boolean {
val spanX: Float = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanX
val spanY: Float = scaleGestureDetector.currentSpanY
val newWidth: Float = lastSpanX / spanX * mCurrentViewport.width()
val newHeight: Float = lastSpanY / spanY * mCurrentViewport.height()
val focusX: Float = scaleGestureDetector.focusX
val focusY: Float = scaleGestureDetector.focusY
// Makes sure that the chart point is within the chart region.
// See the sample for the implementation of hitTest().
hitTest(focusX, focusY, viewportFocus)
mContentRect?.apply {
mCurrentViewport.set(
viewportFocus.x - newWidth * (focusX - left) / width(),
viewportFocus.y - newHeight * (bottom - focusY) / height(),
0f,
0f
)
}
mCurrentViewport.right = mCurrentViewport.left + newWidth
mCurrentViewport.bottom = mCurrentViewport.top + newHeight
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this@InteractiveLineGraphView)
lastSpanX = spanX
lastSpanY = spanY
return true
}
}
Java
private RectF mCurrentViewport =
new RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX);
private Rect mContentRect;
private ScaleGestureDetector mScaleGestureDetector;
...
@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent event) {
boolean retVal = mScaleGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event);
retVal = mGestureDetector.onTouchEvent(event) || retVal;
return retVal || super.onTouchEvent(event);
}
/**
* The scale listener, used for handling multi-finger scale gestures.
*/
private final ScaleGestureDetector.OnScaleGestureListener mScaleGestureListener
= new ScaleGestureDetector.SimpleOnScaleGestureListener() {
/**
* This is the active focal point in terms of the viewport. Could be a local
* variable but kept here to minimize per-frame allocations.
*/
private PointF viewportFocus = new PointF();
private float lastSpanX;
private float lastSpanY;
// Detects that new pointers are going down.
@Override
public boolean onScaleBegin(ScaleGestureDetector scaleGestureDetector) {
lastSpanX = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanX(scaleGestureDetector);
lastSpanY = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanY(scaleGestureDetector);
return true;
}
@Override
public boolean onScale(ScaleGestureDetector scaleGestureDetector) {
float spanX = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanX(scaleGestureDetector);
float spanY = ScaleGestureDetectorCompat.
getCurrentSpanY(scaleGestureDetector);
float newWidth = lastSpanX / spanX * mCurrentViewport.width();
float newHeight = lastSpanY / spanY * mCurrentViewport.height();
float focusX = scaleGestureDetector.getFocusX();
float focusY = scaleGestureDetector.getFocusY();
// Makes sure that the chart point is within the chart region.
// See the sample for the implementation of hitTest().
hitTest(scaleGestureDetector.getFocusX(),
scaleGestureDetector.getFocusY(),
viewportFocus);
mCurrentViewport.set(
viewportFocus.x
- newWidth * (focusX - mContentRect.left)
/ mContentRect.width(),
viewportFocus.y
- newHeight * (mContentRect.bottom - focusY)
/ mContentRect.height(),
0,
0);
mCurrentViewport.right = mCurrentViewport.left + newWidth;
mCurrentViewport.bottom = mCurrentViewport.top + newHeight;
...
// Invalidates the View to update the display.
ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(InteractiveLineGraphView.this);
lastSpanX = spanX;
lastSpanY = spanY;
return true;
}
};