Performance on Wear OS is an essential consideration for apps, as many Wear OS devices have limited CPU and GPU resources compared to larger mobile devices. With the introduction of richer animations and dynamic effects in Material 3 Expressive, you should validate and improve the performance of your app's key workflows.
Use the Jetpack Compose Performance guide to configure and develop your app for optimal performance using Jetpack Compose. This document highlights some of the techniques described in that guide.
Create and follow performance measurement strategies to validate that these techniques work as expected for your app.
Essential performance improvement techniques
Start with the most effective performance tool types: baseline profiles (including startup profiles) and the R8 code optimizer.
Update your Compose dependency to version 1.8 or higher, which introduced several significant new features and improved the overall stability of the library. See the instructions in Declaring dependencies to learn how to update. To learn more, read our blog about the 1.8 release and the What's New in Compose I/O talk.
Baseline profiles
To improve your app's performance, use baseline profiles. Group together the classes and methods that represent your app's key workflows, which the system can pre-compile using a baseline profile. This can reduce startup times, cut down on janky frames, and offer additional performance improvements.
Each Jetpack Compose library ships with its own profile rules. When your app depends on a library, the library profile rules are automatically merged and distributed with your app's APK for precompilation.
Verify your baseline profiles using the following techniques:
- Use macrobenchmark tests.
- Use specific ADB commands to validate your app's profile configuration state. Steps for both of these techniques are explained in the performance measurement and validation guide.
Startup Profiles
As a subset of baseline profiles, Startup Profiles further optimize the classes and methods they contain to reduce app startup latency.
Adding a startup profile will increase the APK size of your app, so before adding one to your production release, be sure to assess the tradeoff between APK size and startup latency.
To get started, read Create a Startup Profile.
R8
Use the R8 compiler to shrink and optimize apps. R8 removes unused code and resources, rewrites code to optimize runtime performance, and more.
In the improve performance Overview guides, read the considerations for R8, including key steps for removing unused resources.
Performance Measurement and Validation
To learn about general performance measurement strategies on Android, see Overview of measuring app performance. This section describes some of the techniques discussed in that documentation.
Choose a build variant for measurements
While debug mode is useful for spotting many problems, it imposes a significant performance cost, doesn't use baseline profiles, and can make it hard to spot code issues that might be affecting performance.
To accurately understand your app's performance, run your app in release mode.
Draw final conclusions on performance only from tests performed with apps running with release build options and on real devices.
However, when benchmark testing, use the benchmark build variant, which has some key differences from release debugging. See the Macrobenchmark setup guide for details.
Validate your app's baseline profiles
Start by inspecting the status of your profile:
adb shell dumpsys package dexopt | grep -A 1 $PACKAGE_NAME
If the status is not status=speed-profile, profile rules have not yet been
applied to optimize the app.
Rules are applied using a background job that runs when the device is charged and idle. To manually trigger this, run the following command after the app launches and enough time passes for the profile installer to bootstrap the profile in the background. This process typically takes about 40 seconds.
adb shell cmd package bg-dexopt-job
Then, re-run the previous command to verify that the status is speed-profile.
For situations where optimization occurs at install, see Sideload the baseline profile.
UI Automator API
The UI Automator API automates interactions programmatically. Use this API to benchmark discrete pieces of UI when inspecting user journeys for potential optimizations.
Macrobenchmark tests
Macrobenchmarks test larger use cases of your app, especially app startup and complex UI manipulations. To get started, see the implementation guide.
For an example of using macrobenchmarks to validate the performance of baseline profiles, see the performance samples on GitHub.
JankStats Library
Use the JankStats library to track and analyze performance problems in applications.
For an example, see the JankStats sample on GitHub.
System Trace
With the new animation types introduced by Material 3 Expressive, use the System Trace feature in Android Studio to inspect and diagnose latency in potentially problematic user journeys. With this information, verify the content of your baseline profiles, and identify potential inefficiencies in your code logic.
Additional tools
In addition to performance improvement tools, you can use other tools to improve your productivity and workflow.
Android Studio Productivity Tools
Android Studio provides several tools that can reduce the amount of time you spend identifying performance improvements.
For example, using tools like Live Edit and Composable Previews, you can identify janky UI elements, along with the associated areas in your app's code, for performance improvements.
Run all final performance tests on a suite of physical Wear OS devices that accurately represents your target user base.
This is especially important when migrating to Material 3 Expressive, which introduces features like flex fonts and shape morphing to your app.
If you are migrating from views, check out out migration guide and our best practices for Jetpack Compose performance to verify that your app's UIs are performant when using Jetpack Compose.
Other resources
To stay up to date with the latest in android performance, check out the Latest news and videos in the App performance guide.