加载并显示分页数据

Paging 库提供了强大的功能,用于从较大的数据集加载和显示分页数据。本指南将演示如何使用 Paging 库设置来自网络数据源的分页数据流并将其显示在 RecyclerView 中。

定义数据源

第一步是定义用于标识数据源的 PagingSource 实现。PagingSource API 类包含 load() 方法,您需要替换该方法,以指明如何从相应数据源检索分页数据。

直接使用 PagingSource 类即可通过 Kotlin 协程进行异步加载。Paging 库还提供了支持其他异步框架的类:

选择键和值类型

PagingSource<Key, Value> 有两种类型参数:KeyValue。键定义了用于加载数据的标识符,值是数据本身的类型。例如,如果您通过将 Int 页码传递给 Retrofit 来从网络加载各页 User 对象,则应选择 Int 作为 Key 类型,选择 User 作为 Value 类型。

定义 PagingSource

下面的示例实现了按页码加载各页对象的 PagingSourceKey 类型为 IntValue 类型为 User

Kotlin

class ExamplePagingSource(
    val backend: ExampleBackendService,
    val query: String
) : PagingSource<Int, User>() {
  override suspend fun load(
    params: LoadParams<Int>
  ): LoadResult<Int, User> {
    try {
      // Start refresh at page 1 if undefined.
      val nextPageNumber = params.key ?: 1
      val response = backend.searchUsers(query, nextPageNumber)
      return LoadResult.Page(
        data = response.users,
        prevKey = null, // Only paging forward.
        nextKey = response.nextPageNumber
      )
    } catch (e: Exception) {
      // Handle errors in this block and return LoadResult.Error for
      // expected errors (such as a network failure).
    }
  }

  override fun getRefreshKey(state: PagingState<Int, User>): Int? {
    // Try to find the page key of the closest page to anchorPosition from
    // either the prevKey or the nextKey; you need to handle nullability
    // here.
    //  * prevKey == null -> anchorPage is the first page.
    //  * nextKey == null -> anchorPage is the last page.
    //  * both prevKey and nextKey are null -> anchorPage is the
    //    initial page, so return null.
    return state.anchorPosition?.let { anchorPosition ->
      val anchorPage = state.closestPageToPosition(anchorPosition)
      anchorPage?.prevKey?.plus(1) ?: anchorPage?.nextKey?.minus(1)
    }
  }
}

Java

class ExamplePagingSource extends RxPagingSource<Integer, User> {
  @NonNull
  private ExampleBackendService mBackend;
  @NonNull
  private String mQuery;

  ExamplePagingSource(@NonNull ExampleBackendService backend,
    @NonNull String query) {
    mBackend = backend;
    mQuery = query;
  }

  @NotNull
  @Override
  public Single<LoadResult<Integer, User>> loadSingle(
    @NotNull LoadParams<Integer> params) {
    // Start refresh at page 1 if undefined.
    Integer nextPageNumber = params.getKey();
    if (nextPageNumber == null) {
      nextPageNumber = 1;
    }

    return mBackend.searchUsers(mQuery, nextPageNumber)
      .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
      .map(this::toLoadResult)
      .onErrorReturn(LoadResult.Error::new);
  }

  private LoadResult<Integer, User> toLoadResult(
    @NonNull SearchUserResponse response) {
    return new LoadResult.Page<>(
      response.getUsers(),
      null, // Only paging forward.
      response.getNextPageNumber(),
      LoadResult.Page.COUNT_UNDEFINED,
      LoadResult.Page.COUNT_UNDEFINED);
  }

  @Nullable
  @Override
  public Integer getRefreshKey(@NotNull PagingState<Integer, User> state) {
    // Try to find the page key of the closest page to anchorPosition from
    // either the prevKey or the nextKey; you need to handle nullability
    // here.
    //  * prevKey == null -> anchorPage is the first page.
    //  * nextKey == null -> anchorPage is the last page.
    //  * both prevKey and nextKey are null -> anchorPage is the
    //    initial page, so return null.
    Integer anchorPosition = state.getAnchorPosition();
    if (anchorPosition == null) {
      return null;
    }

    LoadResult.Page<Integer, User> anchorPage = state.closestPageToPosition(anchorPosition);
    if (anchorPage == null) {
      return null;
    }

    Integer prevKey = anchorPage.getPrevKey();
    if (prevKey != null) {
      return prevKey + 1;
    }

    Integer nextKey = anchorPage.getNextKey();
    if (nextKey != null) {
      return nextKey - 1;
    }

    return null;
  }
}

Java

class ExamplePagingSource extends ListenableFuturePagingSource<Integer, User> {
  @NonNull
  private ExampleBackendService mBackend;
  @NonNull
  private String mQuery;
  @NonNull
  private Executor mBgExecutor;

  ExamplePagingSource(
    @NonNull ExampleBackendService backend,
    @NonNull String query, @NonNull Executor bgExecutor) {
    mBackend = backend;
    mQuery = query;
    mBgExecutor = bgExecutor;
  }

  @NotNull
  @Override
  public ListenableFuture<LoadResult<Integer, User>> loadFuture(@NotNull LoadParams<Integer> params) {
    // Start refresh at page 1 if undefined.
    Integer nextPageNumber = params.getKey();
    if (nextPageNumber == null) {
      nextPageNumber = 1;
    }

    ListenableFuture<LoadResult<Integer, User>> pageFuture =
      Futures.transform(mBackend.searchUsers(mQuery, nextPageNumber),
      this::toLoadResult, mBgExecutor);

    ListenableFuture<LoadResult<Integer, User>> partialLoadResultFuture =
      Futures.catching(pageFuture, HttpException.class,
      LoadResult.Error::new, mBgExecutor);

    return Futures.catching(partialLoadResultFuture,
      IOException.class, LoadResult.Error::new, mBgExecutor);
  }

  private LoadResult<Integer, User> toLoadResult(@NonNull SearchUserResponse response) {
    return new LoadResult.Page<>(response.getUsers(),
    null, // Only paging forward.
    response.getNextPageNumber(),
    LoadResult.Page.COUNT_UNDEFINED,
    LoadResult.Page.COUNT_UNDEFINED);
  }

  @Nullable
  @Override
  public Integer getRefreshKey(@NotNull PagingState<Integer, User> state) {
    // Try to find the page key of the closest page to anchorPosition from
    // either the prevKey or the nextKey; you need to handle nullability
    // here.
    //  * prevKey == null -> anchorPage is the first page.
    //  * nextKey == null -> anchorPage is the last page.
    //  * both prevKey and nextKey are null -> anchorPage is the
    //    initial page, so return null.
    Integer anchorPosition = state.getAnchorPosition();
    if (anchorPosition == null) {
      return null;
    }

    LoadResult.Page<Integer, User> anchorPage = state.closestPageToPosition(anchorPosition);
    if (anchorPage == null) {
      return null;
    }

    Integer prevKey = anchorPage.getPrevKey();
    if (prevKey != null) {
      return prevKey + 1;
    }

    Integer nextKey = anchorPage.getNextKey();
    if (nextKey != null) {
      return nextKey - 1;
    }

    return null;
  }
}

典型的 PagingSource 实现会将其构造函数中提供的参数传递给 load() 方法,以便为查询加载适当的数据。在上面的示例中,这些参数包括:

  • backend:提供数据的后端服务实例。
  • query:要发送到 backend 指示的服务的搜索查询。

LoadParams 对象包含有关要执行的加载操作的信息,其中包括要加载的键和要加载的项数。

LoadResult 对象包含加载操作的结果。LoadResult 是一个密封的类,根据 load() 调用是否成功,采用如下两种形式之一:

  • 如果加载成功,则返回 LoadResult.Page 对象。
  • 如果加载失败,则返回 LoadResult.Error 对象。

下图说明了此示例中的 load() 函数如何接收每次加载的键并为后续加载提供键。

在每次 load() 调用中,ExamplePagingSource 都会接受当前键并返回要加载的下一个键。
图 1. 显示 load() 如何使用和更新键的流程图。

PagingSource 实现还必须实现 getRefreshKey() 方法,该方法接受 PagingState 对象作为参数。当数据在初始加载后刷新或失效时,该方法会返回要传递给 load() 方法的键。在后续刷新数据时,Paging 库会自动调用此方法。

处理错误

数据加载请求可能因多种原因而失败,特别是在通过网络加载时。通过从 load() 方法返回 LoadResult.Error 对象,可报告在加载过程中遇到的错误。

例如,对于上一个示例,您可以通过向 load() 方法添加以下内容来捕获和报告 ExamplePagingSource 中的加载错误:

Kotlin

catch (e: IOException) {
  // IOException for network failures.
  return LoadResult.Error(e)
} catch (e: HttpException) {
  // HttpException for any non-2xx HTTP status codes.
  return LoadResult.Error(e)
}

Java

return backend.searchUsers(searchTerm, nextPageNumber)
  .subscribeOn(Schedulers.io())
  .map(this::toLoadResult)
  .onErrorReturn(LoadResult.Error::new);

Java

ListenableFuture<LoadResult<Integer, User>> pageFuture = Futures.transform(
  backend.searchUsers(query, nextPageNumber), this::toLoadResult,
  bgExecutor);

ListenableFuture<LoadResult<Integer, User>> partialLoadResultFuture = Futures.catching(
  pageFuture, HttpException.class, LoadResult.Error::new,
  bgExecutor);

return Futures.catching(partialLoadResultFuture,
  IOException.class, LoadResult.Error::new, bgExecutor);

如需详细了解如何处理 Retrofit 错误,请参阅 PagingSource API 参考文档中的示例。

PagingSource 会收集 LoadResult.Error 对象并将其传递给界面,以便您对其执行操作。如需详细了解如何在界面中显示加载状态,请参阅管理和显示加载状态

设置 PagingData 流

接下来,您需要来自 PagingSource 实现的分页数据流。在 ViewModel 中设置数据流。Pager 类提供的方法可显示来自 PagingSourcePagingData 对象的响应式流。Paging 库支持使用多种流类型,包括 FlowLiveData 以及 RxJava 中的 FlowableObservable 类型。

当您创建 Pager 实例来设置响应式流时,必须为实例提供 PagingConfig 配置对象和告知 Pager 如何获取 PagingSource 实现实例的函数:

Kotlin

val flow = Pager(
  // Configure how data is loaded by passing additional properties to
  // PagingConfig, such as prefetchDistance.
  PagingConfig(pageSize = 20)
) {
  ExamplePagingSource(backend, query)
}.flow
  .cachedIn(viewModelScope)

Java

// CoroutineScope helper provided by the lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx artifact.
CoroutineScope viewModelScope = ViewModelKt.getViewModelScope(viewModel);
Pager<Integer, User> pager = Pager<>(
  new PagingConfig(/* pageSize = */ 20),
  () -> ExamplePagingSource(backend, query));

Flowable<PagingData<User>> flowable = PagingRx.getFlowable(pager);
PagingRx.cachedIn(flowable, viewModelScope);

Java

// CoroutineScope helper provided by the lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx artifact.
CoroutineScope viewModelScope = ViewModelKt.getViewModelScope(viewModel);
Pager<Integer, User> pager = Pager<>(
  new PagingConfig(/* pageSize = */ 20),
  () -> ExamplePagingSource(backend, query));

PagingLiveData.cachedIn(PagingLiveData.getLiveData(pager), viewModelScope);

cachedIn() 运算符使数据流可共享,并使用提供的 CoroutineScope 缓存加载的数据。此示例使用生命周期 lifecycle-viewmodel-ktx 工件提供的 viewModelScope

Pager 对象会调用 PagingSource 对象的 load() 方法,为其提供 LoadParams 对象,并接收 LoadResult 对象作为交换。

定义 RecyclerView 适配器

您还需要设置一个适配器来将数据接收到 RecyclerView 列表中。为此,Paging 库提供了 PagingDataAdapter 类。

定义一个扩展 PagingDataAdapter 的类。在此示例中,UserAdapter 扩展了 PagingDataAdapter,用于为 User 类型的列表项提供 RecyclerView 适配器,并使用 UserViewHolder 作为 ViewHolder

Kotlin

class UserAdapter(diffCallback: DiffUtil.ItemCallback<User>) :
  PagingDataAdapter<User, UserViewHolder>(diffCallback) {
  override fun onCreateViewHolder(
    parent: ViewGroup,
    viewType: Int
  ): UserViewHolder {
    return UserViewHolder(parent)
  }

  override fun onBindViewHolder(holder: UserViewHolder, position: Int) {
    val item = getItem(position)
    // Note that item can be null. ViewHolder must support binding a
    // null item as a placeholder.
    holder.bind(item)
  }
}

Java

class UserAdapter extends PagingDataAdapter<User, UserViewHolder> {
  UserAdapter(@NotNull DiffUtil.ItemCallback<User> diffCallback) {
    super(diffCallback);
  }

  @NonNull
  @Override
  public UserViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
    return new UserViewHolder(parent);
  }

  @Override
  public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull UserViewHolder holder, int position) {
    User item = getItem(position);
    // Note that item can be null. ViewHolder must support binding a
    // null item as a placeholder.
    holder.bind(item);
  }
}

Java

class UserAdapter extends PagingDataAdapter<User, UserViewHolder> {
  UserAdapter(@NotNull DiffUtil.ItemCallback<User> diffCallback) {
    super(diffCallback);
  }

  @NonNull
  @Override
  public UserViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(@NonNull ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
    return new UserViewHolder(parent);
  }

  @Override
  public void onBindViewHolder(@NonNull UserViewHolder holder, int position) {
    User item = getItem(position);
    // Note that item can be null. ViewHolder must support binding a
    // null item as a placeholder.
    holder.bind(item);
  }
}

您的适配器还必须定义 onCreateViewHolder()onBindViewHolder() 方法,并指定 DiffUtil.ItemCallback。这与定义 RecyclerView 列表 Adapter 时的通常做法相同:

Kotlin

object UserComparator : DiffUtil.ItemCallback<User>() {
  override fun areItemsTheSame(oldItem: User, newItem: User): Boolean {
    // Id is unique.
    return oldItem.id == newItem.id
  }

  override fun areContentsTheSame(oldItem: User, newItem: User): Boolean {
    return oldItem == newItem
  }
}

Java

class UserComparator extends DiffUtil.ItemCallback<User> {
  @Override
  public boolean areItemsTheSame(@NonNull User oldItem,
    @NonNull User newItem) {
    // Id is unique.
    return oldItem.id.equals(newItem.id);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean areContentsTheSame(@NonNull User oldItem,
    @NonNull User newItem) {
    return oldItem.equals(newItem);
  }
}

Java

class UserComparator extends DiffUtil.ItemCallback<User> {
  @Override
  public boolean areItemsTheSame(@NonNull User oldItem,
    @NonNull User newItem) {
    // Id is unique.
    return oldItem.id.equals(newItem.id);
  }

  @Override
  public boolean areContentsTheSame(@NonNull User oldItem,
    @NonNull User newItem) {
    return oldItem.equals(newItem);
  }
}

在界面中显示分页数据

现在您已经定义了 PagingSource,为您的应用创建了生成 PagingData 流的方法,还定义了 PagingDataAdapter,接下来便可以将这些元素连接起来,在您的 Activity 中显示分页数据。

在 Activity 的 onCreate 或 Fragment 的 onViewCreated 方法中执行以下步骤:

  1. 创建 PagingDataAdapter 类的实例。
  2. PagingDataAdapter 实例传递给您要显示分页数据的 RecyclerView 列表。
  3. 观察 PagingData 流,并将生成的每个值传递给适配器的 submitData() 方法。

Kotlin

val viewModel by viewModels<ExampleViewModel>()

val pagingAdapter = UserAdapter(UserComparator)
val recyclerView = findViewById<RecyclerView>(R.id.recycler_view)
recyclerView.adapter = pagingAdapter

// Activities can use lifecycleScope directly; fragments use
// viewLifecycleOwner.lifecycleScope.
lifecycleScope.launch {
  viewModel.flow.collectLatest { pagingData ->
    pagingAdapter.submitData(pagingData)
  }
}

Java

ExampleViewModel viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this)
  .get(ExampleViewModel.class);

UserAdapter pagingAdapter = new UserAdapter(new UserComparator());
RecyclerView recyclerView = findViewById<RecyclerView>(
  R.id.recycler_view);
recyclerView.adapter = pagingAdapter

viewModel.flowable
  // Using AutoDispose to handle subscription lifecycle.
  // See: https://github.com/uber/AutoDispose.
  .to(autoDisposable(AndroidLifecycleScopeProvider.from(this)))
  .subscribe(pagingData -> pagingAdapter.submitData(lifecycle, pagingData));

Java

ExampleViewModel viewModel = new ViewModelProvider(this)
  .get(ExampleViewModel.class);

UserAdapter pagingAdapter = new UserAdapter(new UserComparator());
RecyclerView recyclerView = findViewById<RecyclerView>(
  R.id.recycler_view);
recyclerView.adapter = pagingAdapter

// Activities can use getLifecycle() directly; fragments use
// getViewLifecycleOwner().getLifecycle().
viewModel.liveData.observe(this, pagingData ->
  pagingAdapter.submitData(getLifecycle(), pagingData));

RecyclerView 列表现在会显示来自数据源的分页数据,并会在必要时自动加载另一个页面。

其他资源

如需详细了解 Paging 库,请参阅下列其他资源:

Codelab