以动画方式显示滚动手势

试用 Compose 方式
Jetpack Compose 是推荐在 Android 设备上使用的界面工具包。了解如何在 Compose 中使用触控和输入功能。

在 Android 中,滚动通常通过 ScrollView 类实现。将任何可能超出其容器边界的标准布局嵌套在 ScrollView 中,以提供由框架管理的可滚动视图。只有在特殊情况下才需要实现自定义滚动条。本文档介绍了如何使用“滚动条”显示滚动效果以响应轻触手势。

您的应用可以使用滚动条(ScrollerOverScroller)来收集生成滚动动画以响应轻触事件所需的数据。两者很相似,但 OverScroller 还包含一些方法,用于在用户执行平移或快速滑动手势后到达内容边缘时,向用户指明这一点。

  • 从 Android 12(API 级别 31)开始,视觉元素会在发生拖动事件时拉伸和弹跳,在遇到快速滑动事件时快速滑动和反弹。
  • 在 Android 11(API 级别 30)及更低版本中,边界会在向边缘拖动或滑动后显示“发光”效果。

本文档中的 InteractiveChart 示例使用 EdgeEffect 类来显示这些滚动效果。

您可以使用滚动条,借助平台标准的滚动物理特性(例如摩擦力、速度和其他特性)为一段时间内的滚动添加动画效果。滚动条本身不会绘制任何内容。滚动条会为您跟踪一段时间内的滚动偏移,但不会自动将这些位置应用到您的视图。您必须以使滚动动画看起来流畅的速率获取和应用新坐标。

了解滚动术语

滚动这个词在 Android 中具有不同的含义,具体取决于上下文。

滚动是移动视口(即您正在查看的内容的“窗口”)的一般过程。如果同时在 x 轴和 y 轴上滚动,则称为“平移”。本文档中的 InteractiveChart 示例应用展示了两种不同类型的滚动,即拖动和快速滑动:

  • 拖动:用户在触摸屏上拖动手指时发生的一种滚动。您可以通过替换 GestureDetector.OnGestureListener 中的 onScroll() 来实现拖动。 如需详细了解如何拖动,请参阅拖动并缩放
  • 滑动:这是用户快速拖动并抬起手指时发生的一种滚动。用户抬起手指后,您通常需要继续移动视口,但要减速,直到视口停止移动。您可以通过替换 GestureDetector.OnGestureListener 中的 onFling() 并使用滚动条对象来实现快速滑动。
  • 平移:同时沿 x 轴和 y 轴同时滚动

滚动条对象通常与快速滑动手势结合使用,但您可以在任何您希望界面显示滚动以响应轻触事件的情况下使用这些对象。例如,您可以替换 onTouchEvent() 以直接处理触摸事件,并生成滚动效果或“贴靠到页面”动画来响应这些触摸事件。

包含内置滚动实现的组件

以下 Android 组件包含对滚动和滚动行为的内置支持:

如果您的应用需要支持在不同组件内滚动和滚动,请完成以下步骤:

  1. 创建基于轻触的自定义滚动实现
  2. 如需支持搭载 Android 12 及更高版本的设备,请实现拉伸滚动效果

创建自定义的基于触摸的滚动实现

本部分介绍了当应用使用的组件未内置支持滚动和滚动的组件时,如何创建您自己的滚动条。

以下代码段来自 InteractiveChart 示例。它使用 GestureDetector 并替换 GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener 方法 onFling()。它使用 OverScroller 跟踪滑动手势。如果用户在执行快滑手势后到达内容边缘,则容器会在用户到达内容末尾时发出提示。具体指示取决于设备搭载的 Android 版本:

  • 在 Android 12 及更高版本中,视觉元素会拉伸和反弹。
  • 在 Android 11 及更低版本中,视觉元素会显示发光效果。

以下代码段的第一部分展示了 onFling() 的实现:

Kotlin

// Viewport extremes. See currentViewport for a discussion of the viewport.
private val AXIS_X_MIN = -1f
private val AXIS_X_MAX = 1f
private val AXIS_Y_MIN = -1f
private val AXIS_Y_MAX = 1f

// The current viewport. This rectangle represents the visible chart
// domain and range. The viewport is the part of the app that the
// user manipulates via touch gestures.
private val currentViewport = RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX)

// The current destination rectangle—in pixel coordinates—into which
// the chart data must be drawn.
private lateinit var contentRect: Rect

private lateinit var scroller: OverScroller
private lateinit var scrollerStartViewport: RectF
...
private val gestureListener = object : GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener() {

    override fun onDown(e: MotionEvent): Boolean {
        // Initiates the decay phase of any active edge effects.
        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
            releaseEdgeEffects()
        }
        scrollerStartViewport.set(currentViewport)
        // Aborts any active scroll animations and invalidates.
        scroller.forceFinished(true)
        ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this@InteractiveLineGraphView)
        return true
    }
    ...
    override fun onFling(
            e1: MotionEvent,
            e2: MotionEvent,
            velocityX: Float,
            velocityY: Float
    ): Boolean {
        fling((-velocityX).toInt(), (-velocityY).toInt())
        return true
    }
}

private fun fling(velocityX: Int, velocityY: Int) {
    // Initiates the decay phase of any active edge effects.
    // On Android 12 and later, the edge effect (stretch) must
    // continue.
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
            releaseEdgeEffects()
    }
    // Flings use math in pixels, as opposed to math based on the viewport.
    val surfaceSize: Point = computeScrollSurfaceSize()
    val (startX: Int, startY: Int) = scrollerStartViewport.run {
        set(currentViewport)
        (surfaceSize.x * (left - AXIS_X_MIN) / (AXIS_X_MAX - AXIS_X_MIN)).toInt() to
                (surfaceSize.y * (AXIS_Y_MAX - bottom) / (AXIS_Y_MAX - AXIS_Y_MIN)).toInt()
    }
    // Before flinging, stops the current animation.
    scroller.forceFinished(true)
    // Begins the animation.
    scroller.fling(
            // Current scroll position.
            startX,
            startY,
            velocityX,
            velocityY,
            /*
             * Minimum and maximum scroll positions. The minimum scroll
             * position is generally 0 and the maximum scroll position
             * is generally the content size less the screen size. So if the
             * content width is 1000 pixels and the screen width is 200
             * pixels, the maximum scroll offset is 800 pixels.
             */
            0, surfaceSize.x - contentRect.width(),
            0, surfaceSize.y - contentRect.height(),
            // The edges of the content. This comes into play when using
            // the EdgeEffect class to draw "glow" overlays.
            contentRect.width() / 2,
            contentRect.height() / 2
    )
    // Invalidates to trigger computeScroll().
    ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this)
}

Java

// Viewport extremes. See currentViewport for a discussion of the viewport.
private static final float AXIS_X_MIN = -1f;
private static final float AXIS_X_MAX = 1f;
private static final float AXIS_Y_MIN = -1f;
private static final float AXIS_Y_MAX = 1f;

// The current viewport. This rectangle represents the visible chart
// domain and range. The viewport is the part of the app that the
// user manipulates via touch gestures.
private RectF currentViewport =
  new RectF(AXIS_X_MIN, AXIS_Y_MIN, AXIS_X_MAX, AXIS_Y_MAX);

// The current destination rectangle—in pixel coordinates—into which
// the chart data must be drawn.
private final Rect contentRect = new Rect();

private final OverScroller scroller;
private final RectF scrollerStartViewport =
  new RectF(); // Used only for zooms and flings.
...
private final GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener gestureListener
        = new GestureDetector.SimpleOnGestureListener() {
    @Override
    public boolean onDown(MotionEvent e) {
         if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
            releaseEdgeEffects();
        }
        scrollerStartViewport.set(currentViewport);
        scroller.forceFinished(true);
        ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(InteractiveLineGraphView.this);
        return true;
    }
...
    @Override
    public boolean onFling(MotionEvent e1, MotionEvent e2, float velocityX, float velocityY) {
        fling((int) -velocityX, (int) -velocityY);
        return true;
    }
};

private void fling(int velocityX, int velocityY) {
    // Initiates the decay phase of any active edge effects.
    // On Android 12 and later, the edge effect (stretch) must
    // continue.
    if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT < Build.VERSION_CODES.S) {
            releaseEdgeEffects();
    }
    // Flings use math in pixels, as opposed to math based on the viewport.
    Point surfaceSize = computeScrollSurfaceSize();
    scrollerStartViewport.set(currentViewport);
    int startX = (int) (surfaceSize.x * (scrollerStartViewport.left -
            AXIS_X_MIN) / (
            AXIS_X_MAX - AXIS_X_MIN));
    int startY = (int) (surfaceSize.y * (AXIS_Y_MAX -
            scrollerStartViewport.bottom) / (
            AXIS_Y_MAX - AXIS_Y_MIN));
    // Before flinging, stops the current animation.
    scroller.forceFinished(true);
    // Begins the animation.
    scroller.fling(
            // Current scroll position.
            startX,
            startY,
            velocityX,
            velocityY,
            /*
             * Minimum and maximum scroll positions. The minimum scroll
             * position is generally 0 and the maximum scroll position
             * is generally the content size less the screen size. So if the
             * content width is 1000 pixels and the screen width is 200
             * pixels, the maximum scroll offset is 800 pixels.
             */
            0, surfaceSize.x - contentRect.width(),
            0, surfaceSize.y - contentRect.height(),
            // The edges of the content. This comes into play when using
            // the EdgeEffect class to draw "glow" overlays.
            contentRect.width() / 2,
            contentRect.height() / 2);
    // Invalidates to trigger computeScroll().
    ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this);
}

onFling() 调用 postInvalidateOnAnimation() 时,它会触发 computeScroll() 以更新 x 和 y 的值。这通常在子视图使用滚动条对象为滚动添加动画效果时完成,如前面的示例所示。

大多数视图会将滚动条对象的 x 和 y 位置直接传递给 scrollTo()computeScroll() 的以下实现采用了不同的方法:它调用 computeScrollOffset() 以获取 xy 的当前位置。当满足显示滚动“发光”边缘效果的条件时(即显示放大、xy 超出边界,并且应用尚未显示滚动),代码会设置滚动发光效果并调用 postInvalidateOnAnimation() 以在视图上触发失效操作。

Kotlin

// Edge effect/overscroll tracking objects.
private lateinit var edgeEffectTop: EdgeEffect
private lateinit var edgeEffectBottom: EdgeEffect
private lateinit var edgeEffectLeft: EdgeEffect
private lateinit var edgeEffectRight: EdgeEffect

private var edgeEffectTopActive: Boolean = false
private var edgeEffectBottomActive: Boolean = false
private var edgeEffectLeftActive: Boolean = false
private var edgeEffectRightActive: Boolean = false

override fun computeScroll() {
    super.computeScroll()

    var needsInvalidate = false

    // The scroller isn't finished, meaning a fling or
    // programmatic pan operation is active.
    if (scroller.computeScrollOffset()) {
        val surfaceSize: Point = computeScrollSurfaceSize()
        val currX: Int = scroller.currX
        val currY: Int = scroller.currY

        val (canScrollX: Boolean, canScrollY: Boolean) = currentViewport.run {
            (left > AXIS_X_MIN || right < AXIS_X_MAX) to (top > AXIS_Y_MIN || bottom < AXIS_Y_MAX)
        }

        /*
         * If you are zoomed in, currX or currY is
         * outside of bounds, and you aren't already
         * showing overscroll, then render the overscroll
         * glow edge effect.
         */
        if (canScrollX
                && currX < 0
                && edgeEffectLeft.isFinished
                && !edgeEffectLeftActive) {
            edgeEffectLeft.onAbsorb(scroller.currVelocity.toInt())
            edgeEffectLeftActive = true
            needsInvalidate = true
        } else if (canScrollX
                && currX > surfaceSize.x - contentRect.width()
                && edgeEffectRight.isFinished
                && !edgeEffectRightActive) {
            edgeEffectRight.onAbsorb(scroller.currVelocity.toInt())
            edgeEffectRightActive = true
            needsInvalidate = true
        }

        if (canScrollY
                && currY < 0
                && edgeEffectTop.isFinished
                && !edgeEffectTopActive) {
            edgeEffectTop.onAbsorb(scroller.currVelocity.toInt())
            edgeEffectTopActive = true
            needsInvalidate = true
        } else if (canScrollY
                && currY > surfaceSize.y - contentRect.height()
                && edgeEffectBottom.isFinished
                && !edgeEffectBottomActive) {
            edgeEffectBottom.onAbsorb(scroller.currVelocity.toInt())
            edgeEffectBottomActive = true
            needsInvalidate = true
        }
        ...
    }
}

Java

// Edge effect/overscroll tracking objects.
private EdgeEffectCompat edgeEffectTop;
private EdgeEffectCompat edgeEffectBottom;
private EdgeEffectCompat edgeEffectLeft;
private EdgeEffectCompat edgeEffectRight;

private boolean edgeEffectTopActive;
private boolean edgeEffectBottomActive;
private boolean edgeEffectLeftActive;
private boolean edgeEffectRightActive;

@Override
public void computeScroll() {
    super.computeScroll();

    boolean needsInvalidate = false;

    // The scroller isn't finished, meaning a fling or
    // programmatic pan operation is active.
    if (scroller.computeScrollOffset()) {
        Point surfaceSize = computeScrollSurfaceSize();
        int currX = scroller.getCurrX();
        int currY = scroller.getCurrY();

        boolean canScrollX = (currentViewport.left > AXIS_X_MIN
                || currentViewport.right < AXIS_X_MAX);
        boolean canScrollY = (currentViewport.top > AXIS_Y_MIN
                || currentViewport.bottom < AXIS_Y_MAX);

        /*
         * If you are zoomed in, currX or currY is
         * outside of bounds, and you aren't already
         * showing overscroll, then render the overscroll
         * glow edge effect.
         */
        if (canScrollX
                && currX < 0
                && edgeEffectLeft.isFinished()
                && !edgeEffectLeftActive) {
            edgeEffectLeft.onAbsorb((int)mScroller.getCurrVelocity());
            edgeEffectLeftActive = true;
            needsInvalidate = true;
        } else if (canScrollX
                && currX > (surfaceSize.x - contentRect.width())
                && edgeEffectRight.isFinished()
                && !edgeEffectRightActive) {
            edgeEffectRight.onAbsorb((int)mScroller.getCurrVelocity());
            edgeEffectRightActive = true;
            needsInvalidate = true;
        }

        if (canScrollY
                && currY < 0
                && edgeEffectTop.isFinished()
                && !edgeEffectTopActive) {
            edgeEffectRight.onAbsorb((int)mScroller.getCurrVelocity());
            edgeEffectTopActive = true;
            needsInvalidate = true;
        } else if (canScrollY
                && currY > (surfaceSize.y - contentRect.height())
                && edgeEffectBottom.isFinished()
                && !edgeEffectBottomActive) {
            edgeEffectRight.onAbsorb((int)mScroller.getCurrVelocity());
            edgeEffectBottomActive = true;
            needsInvalidate = true;
        }
        ...
    }

以下是执行实际缩放的代码部分:

Kotlin

lateinit var zoomer: Zoomer
val zoomFocalPoint = PointF()
...
// If a zoom is in progress—either programmatically
// or through double touch—this performs the zoom.
if (zoomer.computeZoom()) {
    val newWidth: Float = (1f - zoomer.currZoom) * scrollerStartViewport.width()
    val newHeight: Float = (1f - zoomer.currZoom) * scrollerStartViewport.height()
    val pointWithinViewportX: Float =
            (zoomFocalPoint.x - scrollerStartViewport.left) / scrollerStartViewport.width()
    val pointWithinViewportY: Float =
            (zoomFocalPoint.y - scrollerStartViewport.top) / scrollerStartViewport.height()
    currentViewport.set(
            zoomFocalPoint.x - newWidth * pointWithinViewportX,
            zoomFocalPoint.y - newHeight * pointWithinViewportY,
            zoomFocalPoint.x + newWidth * (1 - pointWithinViewportX),
            zoomFocalPoint.y + newHeight * (1 - pointWithinViewportY)
    )
    constrainViewport()
    needsInvalidate = true
}
if (needsInvalidate) {
    ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this)
}

Java

// Custom object that is functionally similar to Scroller.
Zoomer zoomer;
private PointF zoomFocalPoint = new PointF();
...
// If a zoom is in progress—either programmatically
// or through double touch—this performs the zoom.
if (zoomer.computeZoom()) {
    float newWidth = (1f - zoomer.getCurrZoom()) *
            scrollerStartViewport.width();
    float newHeight = (1f - zoomer.getCurrZoom()) *
            scrollerStartViewport.height();
    float pointWithinViewportX = (zoomFocalPoint.x -
            scrollerStartViewport.left)
            / scrollerStartViewport.width();
    float pointWithinViewportY = (zoomFocalPoint.y -
            scrollerStartViewport.top)
            / scrollerStartViewport.height();
    currentViewport.set(
            zoomFocalPoint.x - newWidth * pointWithinViewportX,
            zoomFocalPoint.y - newHeight * pointWithinViewportY,
            zoomFocalPoint.x + newWidth * (1 - pointWithinViewportX),
            zoomFocalPoint.y + newHeight * (1 - pointWithinViewportY));
    constrainViewport();
    needsInvalidate = true;
}
if (needsInvalidate) {
    ViewCompat.postInvalidateOnAnimation(this);
}

这是在前面的代码段中调用的 computeScrollSurfaceSize() 方法。它会计算当前的可滚动 surface 大小(以像素为单位)。例如,如果整个图表区域都是可见的,那么此值就是 mContentRect 的当前大小。如果图表在两个方向上均放大 200%,则返回的大小在水平和垂直方向上均为原来的两倍。

Kotlin

private fun computeScrollSurfaceSize(): Point {
    return Point(
            (contentRect.width() * (AXIS_X_MAX - AXIS_X_MIN) / currentViewport.width()).toInt(),
            (contentRect.height() * (AXIS_Y_MAX - AXIS_Y_MIN) / currentViewport.height()).toInt()
    )
}

Java

private Point computeScrollSurfaceSize() {
    return new Point(
            (int) (contentRect.width() * (AXIS_X_MAX - AXIS_X_MIN)
                    / currentViewport.width()),
            (int) (contentRect.height() * (AXIS_Y_MAX - AXIS_Y_MIN)
                    / currentViewport.height()));
}

如需查看滚动条用法的其他示例,请参阅 ViewPager 类的源代码。它通过滚动来响应投掷,并使用滚动来实现“贴靠页面”动画。

实现拉伸滚动效果

从 Android 12 开始,EdgeEffect 添加了以下 API 来实现拉伸滚动效果:

  • getDistance()
  • onPullDistance()

若要通过拉伸滚动提供最佳用户体验,请执行以下操作:

  1. 当用户轻触内容时拉伸动画生效时,请将轻触注册为“捕捉”。用户停止动画并再次开始操纵拉伸。
  2. 当用户沿拉伸的相反方向移动手指时,释放拉伸,直到完全消失,然后开始滚动。
  3. 当用户在拉伸期间快速滑动时,快速滑动 EdgeEffect 以增强拉伸效果。

捕捉动画

当用户捕获处于活跃状态的拉伸动画时,EdgeEffect.getDistance() 会返回 0。此条件表示拉伸必须由轻触动作操纵。在大多数容器中,捕获操作会在 onInterceptTouchEvent() 中检测到,如以下代码段所示:

Kotlin

override fun onInterceptTouchEvent(ev: MotionEvent): Boolean {
  ...
  when (action and MotionEvent.ACTION_MASK) {
    MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN ->
      ...
      isBeingDragged = EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectBottom) > 0f ||
          EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectTop) > 0f
      ...
  }
  return isBeingDragged
}

Java

@Override
public boolean onInterceptTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {
  ...
  switch (action & MotionEvent.ACTION_MASK) {
    case MotionEvent.ACTION_DOWN:
      ...
      isBeingDragged = EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectBottom) > 0
          || EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectTop) > 0;
      ...
  }
}

在前面的示例中,当 mIsBeingDraggedtrue 时,onInterceptTouchEvent() 会返回 true,因此在子项有机会使用事件之前,已消耗完事件。

释放滚动效果

请务必在滚动之前释放拉伸效果,以防止将拉伸应用到滚动内容。以下代码示例采用了这种最佳做法:

Kotlin

override fun onTouchEvent(ev: MotionEvent): Boolean {
  val activePointerIndex = ev.actionIndex

  when (ev.getActionMasked()) {
    MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE ->
      val x = ev.getX(activePointerIndex)
      val y = ev.getY(activePointerIndex)
      var deltaY = y - lastMotionY
      val pullDistance = deltaY / height
      val displacement = x / width

      if (deltaY < 0f && EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectTop) > 0f) {
        deltaY -= height * EdgeEffectCompat.onPullDistance(edgeEffectTop,
            pullDistance, displacement);
      }
      if (deltaY > 0f && EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectBottom) > 0f) {
        deltaY += height * EdgeEffectCompat.onPullDistance(edgeEffectBottom,
            -pullDistance, 1 - displacement);
      }
      ...
  }

Java

@Override
public boolean onTouchEvent(MotionEvent ev) {

  final int actionMasked = ev.getActionMasked();

  switch (actionMasked) {
    case MotionEvent.ACTION_MOVE:
      final float x = ev.getX(activePointerIndex);
      final float y = ev.getY(activePointerIndex);
      float deltaY = y - lastMotionY;
      float pullDistance = deltaY / getHeight();
      float displacement = x / getWidth();

      if (deltaY < 0 && EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectTop) > 0) {
        deltaY -= getHeight() * EdgeEffectCompat.onPullDistance(edgeEffectTop,
            pullDistance, displacement);
      }
      if (deltaY > 0 && EdgeEffectCompat.getDistance(edgeEffectBottom) > 0) {
        deltaY += getHeight() * EdgeEffectCompat.onPullDistance(edgeEffectBottom,
            -pullDistance, 1 - displacement);
      }
            ...

在用户拖动时,先使用 EdgeEffect 拉取距离,然后再将触摸事件传递给嵌套滚动容器或拖动滚动。在前面的代码示例中,当正在显示边缘效果且可以通过移动手势释放边缘效果时,getDistance() 会返回正值。当触摸事件释放拉伸时,它首先会被 EdgeEffect 使用,以便在显示其他效果(如嵌套滚动)之前完全释放。您可以使用 getDistance() 了解释放当前效果所需的拉取距离。

onPull() 不同,onPullDistance() 返回所传递的增量的消耗量。从 Android 12 开始,如果在 getDistance()0 时向 onPull()onPullDistance() 传递负的 deltaDistance 值,拉伸效果不会改变。在 Android 11 及更低版本中,onPull() 允许总距离的负值显示发光效果。

停用滚动回弹功能

您可以在布局文件中或以程序化方式停用滚动回弹功能。

如需在布局文件中选择停用,请按照以下示例设置 android:overScrollMode

<MyCustomView android:overScrollMode="never">
    ...
</MyCustomView>

如需以编程方式选择停用,请使用如下代码:

Kotlin

customView.overScrollMode = View.OVER_SCROLL_NEVER

Java

customView.setOverScrollMode(View.OVER_SCROLL_NEVER);

其他资源

请参阅以下相关资源: